the freeing of slaves

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

13th: abolished slavery

First peacetime African American regiment in U.S. Army; Name given to African American soldiers who served in the U.S. Army on the western frontier and fought in the Indian Wars (1854-1890).

Series of battles between the Native Americans and settlers in the Great Plains over control of land

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands. They called upon their ancestors to give them strength to defeat the settlers; dead relatives would return to Earth; Anglo (White) settlers would disappear in an apocalyptic disaster; drought would end and the buffalo would return

Cattle handlers who drove large herds across the southern Great Plains. The era of the cowboy lasted from 1870 to the late 1880s; the vaqueros (Mexican Cowboys) were the original cowboys who taught others in America to cowboy; was seen as manly and tough

schools that were established in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to educate Native American children.

State laws in the South that legalized segregation.

led by the NAACP starting in 1909, it lobbied Congress to pass legislation to stop the practice, keeping the issue in the news and helping to reduce the number that took place

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops; designed to keep African Americans in poverty and to continue working on plantations

grew exponentially after emancipation; sponsored developments in education, politics, and small businesses; an expression of newfound freedom

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

drove herds from Texas to cow towns where they are loaded on trains, there is an increased demand for beef in East, will die out as more farms and barbed wire pop up on the open range

women due to their exclusion

was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.; lenient on South

Punish the South harshly; Supported by military rule (South divided into five military districts); Civil rights bills passed; States must ratify the 14th Amendment (extended citizenship to former slaves); State constitutions include a guarantee or full suffrage to freedmen; 15th Amendment (right to vote for freedmen)

land that belongs to the tribe members and is under their control. They have their own government, laws, police, and services. But are still US citizens and must obey the laws of the country

1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans; goal was to Americanize Native Americans

1898 - The Mississippi supreme court ruled that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal.

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.

a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution

The roaming of cattle across large open areas, leading to the ability to maintain a greater number of them, and thus creating a need for cowboys in the meat industry, creating jobs for people moving west as well as contributing to the myth of cowboys in the west; ended due to expansion of railroads and invention of barbed wire

white southerners romanticized Civil War, looked back at the old south nostalgically, Confederate heroes looked at with reverence; Civil War was not about slavery

A type of inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s, often consisting of comic sketches, song-and-dance routines, and magic acts

white actors wearing black face mimicked and ridiculed African American culture, became increasingly popular.

A show made by William Frederick Cody which reenacted famous frontier events and life in the west; justified American cause to take territory; battles performed around the world; used Sitting Bull; contributed towards western romanticism along with cowboy stereotypes

Robber Baron billionaire who built a steel empire; US STEEL; practiced vertical integration

Robber Baron billionaire who built a railroad empire

Robber Baron billionaire who built an oil empire; practiced horizontal integration

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Railroad workers throughout the U.S. went on strike to protest the lowering of their salaries; when more than a hundred people died during violence related to the strike, President Hayes used federal troops to suppress the uprisings.

Railroad strike that started when the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages while maintaining high rents; led by Eugene V. Debs; ended when President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops.

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Tammany Hall was the most powerful urban political machine, located in New York. Boss Tweed controlled the New York State Democratic Party and Tammany Hall but he was not an elected official.

Grant's administration; a corruption case involving uncollected taxes and bribes among whiskey distillers.

plummeting gold prices precipitated a securities market panic. The crash was a consequence of an attempt by financier Jay Gould and railway magnate James Fisk to corner the gold market and drive up the price. The scheme depended on keeping government gold off the market, which the manipulators arranged through political influence. When Pres. Ulysses S. Grant finally became aware of the scheme, he ordered $4,000,000 of government gold sold on the market. This broke the corner and, in the ensuing panic, the rest of the market as well. It hurt the economy and the reputation of the Grant administration.

reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission

Interstate Commerce Commission, a federal regulatory agency that governed over the rules and regulations of the railroading industry.

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Debate over what would form the basis of the dollar standard: gold, silver, or both.

Old (Before Civil War) - Irish and German; New (After Civil War) - Italian, Russian, Japanese, Chinese

Many cities were a majority foreign immigrants, there was diversity of immigration. Most immigrants from rural areas. Immigrants formed ghettos.

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

Belief that women's role should be within the home

In 1869, Wyoming became the first state or territory in the nation to grant suffrage to women on equal footing with men, as well as the rights to hold public office, own and inherit property, and the guardianship of minor children.

In 1890, the people of Colorado voted to recognize women's suffrage rights. Colorado became the first state to enact women's suffrage by popular referendum.

became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.

Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

Original park at Coney Island. Lots of public transportation, so everyone can go post-Civil War. Most visitors of any park in the world, and of all classes. "Nickel Empire" - 5c buys you a ton. Luna Park eventually burns down in 1944, reopens in 2010.

a machine that reproduces sound (music) by placing a needle in contact with a grooved rotating disk; a record player

1880-1910- new denominations, very active missionary work,and also the social Gospel approach to social issues

A 19th century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty

Production of large quantities of goods using machinery

A set of ideas, also referred to as "scientific management," developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, involving simple, coordinated operations in industry.

Ford revolutionized the efficiency of manufacturing by mechanically moving the semi-finished product from work station to work station, which made assembly faster, cheaper and with less labor.

when companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees; health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company

146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions)