the freeing of slaves

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

13th: abolished slavery

First peacetime African American regiment in U.S. Army; Name given to African American soldiers who served in the U.S. Army on the western frontier and fought in the Indian Wars (1854-1890).

Series of battles between the Native Americans and settlers in the Great Plains over control of land

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands. They called upon their ancestors to give them strength to defeat the settlers; dead relatives would return to Earth; Anglo (White) settlers would disappear in an apocalyptic disaster; drought would end and the buffalo would return

Cattle handlers who drove large herds across the southern Great Plains. The era of the cowboy lasted from 1870 to the late 1880s; the vaqueros (Mexican Cowboys) were the original cowboys who taught others in America to cowboy; was seen as manly and tough

schools that were established in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to educate Native American children.

State laws in the South that legalized segregation.

led by the NAACP starting in 1909, it lobbied Congress to pass legislation to stop the practice, keeping the issue in the news and helping to reduce the number that took place

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops; designed to keep African Americans in poverty and to continue working on plantations

grew exponentially after emancipation; sponsored developments in education, politics, and small businesses; an expression of newfound freedom

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

drove herds from Texas to cow towns where they are loaded on trains, there is an increased demand for beef in East, will die out as more farms and barbed wire pop up on the open range

women due to their exclusion

was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.; lenient on South

Punish the South harshly; Supported by military rule (South divided into five military districts); Civil rights bills passed; States must ratify the 14th Amendment (extended citizenship to former slaves); State constitutions include a guarantee or full suffrage to freedmen; 15th Amendment (right to vote for freedmen)

land that belongs to the tribe members and is under their control. They have their own government, laws, police, and services. But are still US citizens and must obey the laws of the country

1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans; goal was to Americanize Native Americans

1898 - The Mississippi supreme court ruled that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal.

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.

a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution