One of two major periods in the cell life cycle; the growth phase in the cell cycle.

The "first gap" phase of the cell cycle in which the cell grows rapidly.

The "synthesis" phase of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes of a cell are duplicated.

The "second gap" phase of the cell cycle in which the cell grows more slowly and prepares for cell division.

A short period in the cell cycle in which the nucleus and then the cytoplasm of a cell divides.

A nongrowing, nondividing state which is part of the healthy life cycle of some cells.

A nucleic acid found in all living cells.

Rodlike structure of tightly coiled chromatin.

The process of copying DNA prior to cell division.

The unit of heredity; codes for specific polypeptides; has a specific location on a particular chromosome.

Nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, and U.

Long nucleotide strand that complements the exact nucleotide sequence of genetically active DNA; carries the genetic message to the cytoplasm.

The production of a single strand of RNA from a segment (representing a gene) of one of the two strands of DNA.

The process by which the genetic code of mRNA is used to string together the appropriate amino acids to produce a specific protein.

A change in the DNA base pair sequence of a cell.

A noncoding nucleotide sequence of DNA.

A nucleotide sequence of DNA that specifies a useful informational sequence.

The three-base sequence on a messenger RNA molecule that provides the code for a specific amino acid in protein synthesis.

Short-chain RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the ribosome.

A cellular structure consisting of rRNA and protein at which amino acids are assembled into proteins.

The RNA component of a ribosome.

Process of nuclear division during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed to two daughter nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell; consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

The first stage of mitosis; the chromosomes condense and thicken, the pairs of centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell, and the mitotic spindle forms.

Second stage of mitosis; the chromosomes align themselves on one plane at the center of the cell.

Third stage of mitosis; the two sets of daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of a cell.

The last stage of mitosis; the two sets of chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, new nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, and the chromosomes uncoil and are no longer visible under a microscope.

The division of cytoplasm that occurs after a cell nucleus has divided.

The number of chromosomes in a body cell (2n), twice the chromosomal number (n) of a gamete; in humans, 2n = 46

Chromosomes 1 to 22; label for all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes.

Half the diploid number of chromosomes; the number of chromosomes in a gamete.

Nuclear division process that reduces the chromosomal number by half; results in the formation of four haploid (n) cells.

Process by which a cell changes in form or function.

Production of identical copy or copies of a gene, a cell, or an organism.

Making a copy of an entire organism either by embryo splitting or somatic cell nuclear transfer.

The cloning of human cells specifically for treating patients.