Before the Industrial Revolution in England, the peppered moth was commonly found on tree trunks that had light-colored lichen on the bark. Most of the peppered moths were a light gray-brown color similar to that of the lichen. A few of the moths had a mutation that made them a dark gray-brown color.

During the Industrial Revolution, coal-burning factories produced black soot that covered the trees and killed the lichen in and near cities. In these areas the number of dark peppered moths increased, while the number of light peppered moths decreased. What contributed to this change?

The Prairies Region and the Cross Timbers are located in north-central Texas. The graph below shows information about eating habits of white-tailed deer in these regions.

A Cross Timbers rancher is concerned about competition between the ranch animals and the deer. Based on the graph, which ranch animals compete for the most food with white-tailed deer?

When Charles Darwin visited the Galápagos Islands in the 1800s, he observed many types of organisms that were similar but lived on different islands. The four species of mockingbirds found on the Galápagos Islands are shown below. Each species lives on a different island.

These species are very similar, but the Hood mockingbird has a longer beak than the other three species. Which of the following best explains this difference?

Some students in a chemistry lab conducted an investigation in which they added four different solid substances to separate beakers of water. They stirred the mixtures for one minute and then recorded their observations in the table below.

Which substance most likely caused a new substance to be formed when mixed with water?

Galveston Bay, an estuary in Southeast Texas, is shown below. The amount of salt in the water changes with the tides. Sometimes the water is mostly freshwater, and sometimes it is mixed with saltwater. Various plant species live in this environment and provide a habitat for other organisms.

To successfully live in an estuary, a plant species must have an adaptation that allows it to —

The satellite image below shows a ship channel between South Padre Island and Boca Chica beach in South Texas.

Sand is sometimes removed from the ship channel through a process called dredging to make it easier for ships to travel through. Recently sand from the bottom of the channel was moved to area beaches. Without this transfer of sand, what would most likely occur in this area in the future?

A scientist named Joseph Connell studied two species of barnacles on the shore of a Scottish island. In the area between the average tide and the neap high tide, he found that the population of Species A was smaller than that of Species B. He removed Species B from one area but left both Species A and B in a similar area. The graph below shows the results of this study. 

Based on these data, which hypothesis was Connell most likely testing?

The diagram below shows a model of the movement of two tectonic plates. When the plates collide, one plate often moves below the other plate.

The rising magma that can result from this type of plate movement may produce —

The points labeled W and Y on the topographic map below show the campsites of two families. Each family hiked to the elevation on the map marked X. The arrows show the paths taken by both families.

What was the change in elevation, to the nearest ten meters, for the family that took the steepest path to Point X? Be sure to use the correct place value.

The moon reflects different amounts of sunlight onto Earth at different times. This reflected sunlight is commonly called moonlight. The graph below shows the intensity of moonlight at different times in a lunar cycle.

Which moon phase most likely occurs at the time in the cycle represented by an X on the graph?

Fish in a lake have to compete for space. Different fish have different optimal temperature ranges. The graph below shows the temperature ranges of four fish species.

At which temperature range will there be the most competition for space among these fish species?

A scientist performed four investigations using eight different liquids. In each investigation, the scientist combined two of the liquids under a fume hood and recorded observations in the table below. 

In which investigation is it least likely that the liquids reacted chemically?

The types of small organisms that live on the bottom of streams can be good indicators of water pollution. The table below groups some organisms by their tolerance of pollution. 

A certain stream that was historically clear and clean has become increasingly polluted with fertilizer waste over the years. Which of these describes a likely result of this pollution?

The table below shows the distances of three stars from the sun. Students were asked to make a model of the three stars and to include the sun and Earth in the model. They chose to use a scale of 1 meter : 1 light-year.

Which model best represents the data?

Four students volunteered to help a librarian move containers of library materials. The graph shows the amount of force used to lift the containers. The numbers in the bars show the mass of each container. The results for each student helper are shown in the table.

Based on this information, which student helper did not do any work on a container?

The Himalayan mountains are shown on the map below. Four students were asked to identify the geologic process that caused this mountain range to form. Their responses are shown below. 

Which student correctly identified the geologic process that formed the Himalayan mountains?

The diagram shows a homemade car being pushed with a force of 25 N. The force causes the car to move at a constant speed of 3 m/s. 

What will happen if the force is changed to 35 N?