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Un Frère Pénible : Activités 1 et 2
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Activities 8 &9 : Un Frère PénibleAquí tienes un cuestionario para enseñar inglés. Está diseñado para evaluar el nivel de los estudiantes en varias áreas clave del idioma, como vocabulario, gramática, comprensión lectora y habilidades de escritura. Puedes ajustarlo según el nivel de tus estudiantes: ### **Cuestionario de Inglés** --- **Parte 1: Vocabulario** 1. **Escribe el equivalente en inglés de las siguientes palabras:** - Casa - Perro - Feliz - Escuela - Comida 2. **Elige la palabra correcta:** - She is very ____. (smart / smarts) - I like to play ____ football. (the / to) - This is my ____ book. (my / I) 3. **Completa las oraciones con la palabra correcta:** - My father _____ (is / are) a doctor. - I ____ (can / cans) speak three languages. --- **Parte 2: Gramática** 1. **Elige la opción correcta para completar la oración:** - They ____ to the park every Saturday. (go / goes) - She ____ my best friend. (is / are) 2. **Escribe las preguntas correctas para las siguientes respuestas:** - ____ (Yes, I have three brothers.) - ____ (No, I don’t like pizza.) 3. **Pon en la forma correcta del verbo en presente continuo:** - He ____ (study) for his test right now. - They ____ (play) football at the moment. --- **Parte 3: Comprensión Lectora** Lee el siguiente texto y responde a las preguntas. **Texto:** "Maria is a student. She lives in London with her parents. Every day, she goes to school at 8:00 in the morning. She likes reading books and playing the piano in her free time." 1. ¿Dónde vive Maria? 2. ¿A qué hora va Maria a la escuela? 3. ¿Qué le gusta hacer en su tiempo libre? --- **Parte 4: Escritura** 1. **Escribe una breve presentación sobre ti mismo (5-7 oraciones).** - Incluye tu nombre, edad, lo que te gusta hacer, y tu rutina diaria. 2. **Describe tu día favorito de la semana y qué actividades haces en ese día.** --- Este cuestionario cubre una variedad de aspectos importantes para enseñar inglés y puede ser modificado o ampliado según las necesidades y el nivel de los estudiantes.Create 10 multiple choice questions from this tex : Un jour, ma grand-mère poisson, Nukumi, m'a appelé... GRAND-MÈRE : Kwis, petit poisson... Juwkalul ! Te voilà, Kwis. Je t'attendais. PETIT POISSON : Nikumi, vais-je grandir pour être aussi grand et fort que toi ? GRAND-MÈRE : Eh bien... Au commencement du temps, le Grand Esprit, Kisulkw, a créé toutes les choses de la nature également. Le Soleil crée la vie et nous donne nos ombres. Les ombres reflètent les esprits de nos ancêtres. M’sit Nokomaq. PETIT POISSON : Nukumi, qu'est-ce que cela signifie ? GRAND-MÈRE : Cela signifie que nous sommes tous liés. Les gens de cette terre ont réalisé que nous étions tous d'esprit, placés ici sur Mère Terre pour nous aider mutuellement. Kluscap nous a appelés, nous, les poissons, Neme’jik, à venir à terre et à donner nos vies. Il ne prenait que ce qui était nécessaire et rendait grâce pour notre existence. Nous appelons cela Netukulimk. PETIT POISSON : Ensuite, que s'est-il passé, Nukumi ? GRAND-MÈRE : Pendant des milliers d'années, nous avons continué à compter sur nos frères et sœurs des bois et des eaux. Les Mi’kmaq nous appelaient Peju, la morue. Ils utilisaient de petits bateaux appelés canots, faits d'écorce de bouleau, et de petits filets pour nous attraper. Ils nous utilisaient pour la nourriture et pour échanger avec d'autres choses qu'ils n'avaient pas. Ils nous séchaient au soleil et utilisaient le sel de la mer pour nous conserver. Les L’nu, le peuple, étaient reconnaissants pour l'aide et nous honoraient. Souviens-toi de Netukulimk ? Eux aussi ne prenaient que ce dont ils avaient besoin. Nous avons vécu en harmonie avec le peuple, la terre et toutes les choses. Nous remplissions la mer ! Et nous devenions grands et gras. Ton arrière-arrière-arrière-grand-père était de la taille d'un dauphin, ou d'un Mutch petch ! PETIT POISSON : Mais pourquoi n'ai-je jamais vu de morue si grande ? GRAND-MÈRE : Eh bien, il y a environ cinq cents ans, des gens de contrées lointaines sont arrivés. Ils sont venus pour nous, étonnés de ne pas pouvoir ramer à travers les eaux à cause de notre foule... Ils sont venus avec plus de bateaux et de filets plus grands. Et ils nous ont emmenés. Sans honneur. Sans remerciements... Ils en ont attrapé trop de nous... Ils nous ont pris avant que nous puissions devenir grands et gras... Ils nous ont pris avant que nous puissions avoir des bébés. Ils ont détruit nos foyers. Ils n'ont pas appris à vivre en harmonie. Ils n'ont pas compris Netukulimk. PETIT POISSON : Que va-t-il advenir de nous maintenant ? GRAND-MÈRE : Cette histoire est encore en train d'être racontée, Kwis ! Pour que tu vives fort, pour que toi et tes enfants grandissiez aussi grands que ton arrière-arrière-arrière-grand-père - niscamish - pour que nous remplissions de nouveau la mer... PETIT POISSON : ... pour cela, nous devons trouver à nouveau un moyen de vivre en harmonie avec nos frères et sœurs. M’sit Nokomaq. Tous mes parents. GRAND-MÈRE : Et voilà la fin de l'histoire. Che cosa sono le Esposizioni Universali Le Esposizioni Universali sono grandi eventi internazionali pensati per presentare al pubblico i risultati più significativi raggiunti dall’umanità in un determinato periodo storico. Non sono semplici fiere commerciali, ma vere e proprie messe in scena del progresso, in cui tecnologia, scienza, arte e cultura vengono organizzate per raccontare una visione del mondo. Ogni esposizione costruisce un racconto: ciò che viene mostrato non serve solo a stupire, ma a comunicare un’idea di futuro, di sviluppo e di identità collettiva. In questi eventi, i prodotti industriali convivono con opere artistiche, architetture sperimentali e manifestazioni culturali. Le Esposizioni Universali diventano così spazi in cui si intrecciano economia, politica, cultura e immaginario, offrendo una fotografia molto precisa delle priorità e delle aspirazioni di una società in un determinato momento storico. Quando nascono La prima Esposizione Universale si tiene a Londra nel 1851, in piena Rivoluzione Industriale. È un periodo di profonde trasformazioni: le macchine modificano il lavoro, le città crescono rapidamente e la produzione industriale assume un ruolo centrale nella vita economica e sociale. In questo contesto nasce l’esigenza di mostrare al mondo i risultati di queste trasformazioni, celebrandole come segni di progresso e modernità. Da quel momento, le Esposizioni Universali diventano eventi ricorrenti, organizzati nelle principali capitali europee e, in seguito, anche in altre parti del mondo. Ogni nuova esposizione si inserisce in un dialogo con le precedenti, aggiornando il racconto del progresso in base ai cambiamenti storici e tecnologici in atto. L'organizzazione delle Esposizioni Le Esposizioni Universali sono organizzate come grandi città temporanee, progettate per esistere solo per la durata dell’evento. Lo spazio espositivo viene suddiviso in padiglioni, ciascuno dedicato a una nazione, a un’azienda o a un tema specifico. Questa struttura permette di affiancare linguaggi, culture e visioni del mondo molto diverse tra loro, offrendo al visitatore un percorso fatto di continui cambi di prospettiva. Un elemento centrale di queste architetture è la loro temporaneità. La maggior parte dei padiglioni nasce con l’idea di essere smontata al termine dell’esposizione: non devono durare nel tempo, ma comunicare un’idea, sperimentare soluzioni nuove, sorprendere il pubblico. Proprio questa caratteristica rende le Esposizioni Universali un terreno ideale per la sperimentazione architettonica, artistica e tecnologica. La provvisorietà consente di osare, di testare forme e linguaggi che difficilmente troverebbero spazio in edifici destinati a una lunga durata. Tuttavia, in alcuni casi, l’impatto simbolico di queste strutture è talmente forte da superare la loro natura effimera. Alcuni padiglioni o monumenti, nati come costruzioni temporanee, colpiscono profondamente l’immaginario collettivo e finiscono per diventare permanenti, trasformandosi in veri e propri simboli della città che li ospita. È il caso di edifici che, da semplici elementi espositivi, diventano punti di riferimento identitari, riconoscibili in tutto il mondo. Questa tensione tra temporaneo e permanente è uno degli aspetti più affascinanti delle Esposizioni Universali. Da un lato, esse sono luoghi del provvisorio e del possibile; dall’altro, in alcuni casi, lasciano tracce durature che continuano a influenzare il paesaggio urbano e la memoria collettiva. Anche in questo senso, le Esposizioni riflettono i cambiamenti storici: ciò che nasce come esperimento può, col tempo, diventare parte stabile dell’identità di un luogo. Le esposizioni principali tra '800 e '900 Nel corso del tempo alcune Esposizioni Universali assumono un ruolo particolarmente significativo. Londra 1851 mette al centro l’industria e la produzione meccanica, mentre Parigi 1889 diventa il simbolo della Belle Époque, un periodo di fiducia nel progresso e nella modernità, rappresentato emblematicamente dalla costruzione della Torre Eiffel. L’Esposizione di Parigi del 1900 celebra invece l’elettricità, le nuove forme di comunicazione e il rapporto sempre più stretto tra tecnologia e vita quotidiana. Nel secondo Novecento, eventi come Bruxelles 1958 e Osaka 1970 riflettono un mondo profondamente cambiato, segnato dalla diffusione dell’elettronica, dai nuovi mezzi di comunicazione e da una crescente attenzione all’ambiente e allo spazio. Hannover 2000, infine, testimonia l’ingresso in una fase storica caratterizzata dalla globalizzazione e dalla necessità di riflettere in modo critico sullo sviluppo sostenibile. Che cosa presentano le Esposizioni Le Esposizioni Universali presentano una grande varietà di contenuti. Accanto alle innovazioni tecnologiche – dalle macchine industriali all’elettricità, fino alle tecnologie digitali – trovano spazio architetture sperimentali progettate appositamente per l’evento. I padiglioni non sono semplici contenitori, ma spesso diventano essi stessi messaggi, simboli di una nuova idea di spazio e di futuro. Oltre agli oggetti materiali, le esposizioni propongono anche esperienze: immagini, suoni, installazioni e performance che coinvolgono direttamente il pubblico. In questo modo, ciò che viene presentato non è solo qualcosa da osservare, ma qualcosa da vivere e attraversare. Le tematiche proposte Le tematiche delle Esposizioni Universali cambiano nel tempo, seguendo l’evoluzione della società. Nell’Ottocento dominano l’industria, la macchina e il progresso tecnico, visti come strumenti di miglioramento della vita umana. All’inizio del Novecento, l’attenzione si sposta sulla modernità, sulla città e sulle arti, riflettendo una crescente consapevolezza culturale. Nel secondo Novecento emergono temi legati alla comunicazione, allo spazio e all’ambiente, mentre le esposizioni più recenti pongono al centro la sostenibilità, il dialogo tra culture e il rapporto tra uomo e tecnologia. Ogni tema racconta le domande e le preoccupazioni di un’epoca. Come cambiano nel tempo Con il passare dei decenni, le Esposizioni Universali cambiano profondamente forma e funzione. Da semplici esposizioni di oggetti e macchine diventano sempre più esperienze immersive, in cui il pubblico è coinvolto attivamente. Cambia anche il modo di presentare i contenuti: non più solo dimostrazioni tecniche, ma percorsi sensoriali e multimediali. Questo cambiamento riflette una trasformazione più ampia nel modo di comunicare e di percepire il mondo. L’esperienza diretta, il coinvolgimento emotivo e la dimensione sensoriale diventano centrali. Le Esposizioni Universali come specchio dei cambiamenti storici Le Esposizioni Universali funzionano come uno specchio della storia perché rendono visibili, in forma concreta, i grandi cambiamenti sociali, tecnologici e culturali. Osservare ciò che viene esposto, come viene esposto e quali temi vengono scelti permette di capire come una società interpreta il proprio presente e immagina il proprio futuro. Per questo motivo le Esposizioni Universali rappresentano un osservatorio privilegiato: in esse è possibile vedere il cambiamento mentre accade. Ed è proprio all’interno di questi contesti che anche la musica, entrando in contatto con nuove culture, nuovi spazi e nuove tecnologie, inizia a trasformarsi, preparando il terreno per le profonde rivoluzioni artistiche del Novecento.Il Simbolismo musicale in Francia La Francia è uno dei centri nevralgici della musica del ‘900. Parigi è dalla fine dell’Ottocento fino a tutta la prima metà del ‘900 il centro artistico per eccellenza. Tantissimi compositori passano per Parigi che è un centro di cultura internazionale dove si sviluppano tante delle avanguardie artistiche del periodo. Una serie di eventi particolarmente importanti che si sono svolto a Parigi nel corso della seconda metà dell’Ottocento e che ha influenzato molto anche la vita culturale sono le esposizioni Universali. Le esposizioni universali sono insieme fiere commerciali e mostre scientifico-culturali che vengono realizzate nelle più importanti città del mondo. Queste manifestazioni ricoprirono un ruolo molto significativo soprattutto nel periodo tra la seconda metà dell'Ottocento e i primissimi decenni del Novecento. Nelle grandi mostre-mercato ottocentesche venivano messi in vendita i prodotti esposti, dagli ascensori ai cannoni, dai telefoni ai motori a scoppio, ma allo stesso tempo venivano presentati ai visitatori, come si fa in un museo, i progressi scientifici raggiunti. Oltre ai progressi scientifici però vengono mostrati anche manufatti artigianali provenienti da tutte le parti del mondo. Il contatto con questi prodotti di culture diverse è un grandissimo stimolo per la cultura dei paesi che ospitano queste esposizioni e la musica risente tantissimo di questi contatti. Il primo esempio dell’influenza di questi nuovi contatti con culture lontane lo abbiamo in due compositori molto importanti che vivono tra la fine dell’800 e l’inizio del 900. Debussy e Ravel sono due esponenti di una delle correnti più importanti della musica francese il simbolismo musicale che si sviluppa in questo periodo. La musica ha come la funzione di rappresentare in maniera simbolica (quindi diciamo di evocare più che di rappresentare pedissequamente) stimoli di vario genere letterari, visivi (immagini, quadri, fotografie), uditivi (rumori ambientali, musiche tradizionali). Questo tipo di evocazione ha però il bisogno di distanziarsi dai suoni tradizionali che non sono più ritenuti adatti ad evocare delle immagini sonore forti. L’ispirazione arriva da una esposizione universale, quella del 1889. Come le Esposizioni hanno ispirato i Compositori Le strutture incredibili e le decorazioni delle esposizioni universali ispiravano i musicisti simbolisti. Opere architettoniche grandiose come la Torre Eiffel diventavano fonti di ispirazione per i compositori che cercavano di trasmettere attraverso la musica lo spirito innovativo e avventuroso di quei tempi. Questo li spingeva a esplorare nuovi suoni che potessero riflettere le meraviglie viste nelle esposizioni, creando musica che andava oltre il normale ascolto per evocare sentimenti e immagini. Il Gamelan Un momento decisivo per l’evoluzione della musica europea avviene durante l’Esposizione Universale di Parigi del 1889, quando il pubblico occidentale entra in contatto diretto con il Gamelan giavanese. Il gamelan è un insieme di strumenti prevalentemente a percussione, come gong, metallofoni e tamburi. La sua musica è organizzata in cicli ripetitivi e stratificazioni sonore, senza un sviluppo narrativo lineare. Non esiste una tensione armonica come nella musica tonale occidentale: il tempo musicale è circolare e il suono assume una funzione atmosferica. Questo incontro mostra ai compositori europei che è possibile pensare la musica in modo radicalmente diverso: senza armonia funzionale senza sviluppo tematico tradizionale privilegiando il timbro e la ripetizione L’influenza del gamelan non consiste nell’imitazione diretta, ma nell’assimilazione di un principio compositivo nuovo. La musica può essere statica, sospesa, evocativa, e tuttavia profondamente espressiva. Jardins sous la pluie Il brano Jardins Sous la Pluie è un brano per pianoforte composto da Debussy nel 1903 all’interno della raccolta denominata “Estampe” cioè stampe (in riferimento in particolare alle stampe giapponesi che si potevano ammirare nelle esposizioni universali). In questo brano attraverso l’uso di suoni molto veloci e staccati, che si ripetono a ondate sonore ora molto intense ora molto deboli, Debussy vuole rappresentare simbolicamente il rumore della pioggia sulle piante di un giardino. La musica eseguita durante le esposizioni spesso simboleggiava le speranze e le ambizioni del periodo, usando suoni che non erano tradizionalmente considerati musicali per creare atmosfere uniche. Questo tipo di musica aiutava gli ascoltatori a vedere il mondo in modi nuovi, proprio come le invenzioni e le strutture esposte durante gli eventi. Compositori come Debussy, con opere come "Prelude à l'après-midi d'un faune", mostravano come la musica potesse evocare un'atmosfera senza bisogno di parole o storie chiare, aprendo la strada a future esplorazioni musicali che continuano a influenzare i compositori anche oggi. In conclusione, le Esposizioni Universali della Belle Époque non solo mostrarono al mondo nuove tecnologie e idee, ma furono anche fondamentali per lo sviluppo di nuovi stili musicali che cercavano di esprimere pensieri e sentimenti profondi attraverso suoni innovativi e evocativi.Earlier in 2019 there was a lot of femicide uh girls being killed by their boyfriends because they did one or two things there are also cultures of if there is violence in terms of a marital relationship that that is fine if there's a marital rape that that is fine so you find such situations being normalized and it being also a taboo to speak about those issues the 2030 agenda for sustainable development is grounded in respect for human rights and the power of people to change the world every individual on the planet has the right to health and well-being in all aspects of their sexuality their body and their reproductive choices ensuring these rights is integral to addressing poverty education violence against women and gender equality sexual and reproductive health rights are agreed in international law they were fought for by courageous women's rights activists and advocates across a broad range of professional fields and frontline experiences by movements of all ages levels and backgrounds they are still being fought for while progress has been made globally many barriers remain especially for those most marginalized excluded or discriminated against human rights are central to delivering the 17 sustainable development goals in the sustainable development agenda indeed each sdg target is simultaneously a metric and a claim for human rights the interplay between these political commitments and human rights obligations is particularly important when it comes to achieving sexual and reproductive health rights for decades human rights-based tactics have been used to drive progress in this episode of right to a better world experts share challenges they have faced and tactics they have used to address them the challenges they describe occur in settings all around the world the strategies used are ones that they have found to be successful in their own settings viewers are encouraged to learn from these experiences and consider how tactics could be adapted to their own context when sexual and reproductive health begins with equality the discussions decisions programs and policies which follow can build towards a future where every individual is not only born free but lives free and equal in dignity and rights without violence or discrimination the time to take action is now violence against women is any act that results in or is likely to result in physical sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women this includes threats of such acts coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty in public or private life it happens everywhere in every country in the home in communities at work and at school crises including health and humanitarian crises frequently contribute to higher rates of violence against women violence against women is directed at women because of their status as women the consequences are dire jeopardizing women's health including sexual and reproductive health and mental health hampering their ability to participate fully in society causing tremendous physical and psychological suffering for both women and their children the majority of women survivors of violence do not disclose or seek any type of services efforts to address violence against women must recognize the many different contexts in which it occurs and the many different forms it can take the majority of violence against women is committed by an intimate partner her current or previous boyfriend or husband globally around 30 of women have experienced physical and or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime this increases the risk of acquiring an sti or in some regions hiv by 1.5 fold when a woman is experiencing violence especially from her partner she's really unable to keep safe from hiv men have power to decide how when and where sex should be done and the woman is at risk of being infected because she cannot say no schools are another setting where violence against girls can take place assault and harassment during their commute bullying sexual harassment and mental or physical abuse on school property are all challenges across various country contexts this has a direct impact on girls access to inclusive quality education a target of sdg4 and an indirect impact on many of their other human rights young girls are taking advantage of at a very young age and they do not understand the choices and the avenues whereby they can exercise their rights when it comes to sexual productive health and rights and so you find a lot of dropouts and a lot of girls also going through a lot of traumatic experiences that would be avoided if they had guidance promoting a safe and secure working environment for all is a cornerstone of sdg 8. this includes a workplace free from sexual harassment and violence but for many women especially women migrant workers and others in precarious employment this is far from reality so we went to naivasha which is a flower farm and we've met the informal workers the casual liberals working for the flower farms when for example the sexual violence cases are reported companies don't take them very seriously a wide range of tactics have been used to prevent and address violence against women and girls and to recognize it as a fundamental violation of human rights prevention of intimate partner violence is possible when interventions are informed by evidence of what works we started out by describing the problem we've now moved to research on what works what are the kinds of interventions that are successful both for preventing the problem from happening in the first place and also from interventions to respond the respect women framework on preventing violence against women developed by the who un women ohchr and other international agencies promotes seven strategies which focus on relationship skills strengthening empowerment of women services for health justice police and social sector poverty reduction environments made safer including schools workplaces and public spaces child and adolescence abuse prevented and transformation of gender attitudes beliefs and norms this action-oriented framework can enable policy makers and health implementers to design plan implement monitor and evaluate interventions and programs to prevent violence against women we have come a long way for sure we still have some ways to go and we need to do more to stop this violence from happening in the first place this involves addressing the social norms that still prevail in many settings that make this form of violence acceptable women are not exposed to gender-based violence by accident all because of an inbuilt vulnerability violence against women is rooted in discriminatory social norms and power dynamics dismantling these underlying causes of violence against women and girls is at the heart of achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls as set out in the targets and indicators of sdg 5 ensuring healthy lives in sdg3 and reducing inequalities in sdg 10. women and men are valued differently society has heap privileges on the men while the women are looked at as subordinate power is not only the problem but also the solution to preventing violence against women we are making it personal everyone connects with power every day people living with power or grappling with power they find themselves within this whole conversation if you're working to create gnome change there has to be change at all levels strategies to raise awareness in communities about violence against women and girls are critical as there is still a lot of stigma and shame which inhibits many women and girls from talking about it intervention is like a big complicated word sometimes it's just about talking about dialogue i mean the fact that we went into schools and just began a conversation with parents um bringing them together in the school along with the school personnel and then having the conversation start from there and we also sort of train providers within schools to appropriately refer children to health facilities for care what we found was that this dialogue began to spark other conversations in the community and i guess they just felt that oh it's actually okay to talk about this openly rather than pretend that nothing is going on sassa is a community mobilization approach to prevent violence against women and hiv and aids it is activist led it's not workshop heavy based it comes away from the traditional programming of organizations going to do things themselves instead they support activists who do the activities with their friends and neighbors health systems play a critical role in responding to violence wherever it occurs supporting health workers to respond appropriately to violence as well as ensuring their work environment enables them to provide safe effective and quality survivor centred care are important strategies for better addressing violence against women and girls um we came to learn not to ask direct questions not to give our opinion or our judgment on them and let her speak and once with that flow starts once that connection is established that doctor-patient relationship emotionally is established she will actually tell you the whole history legal frameworks to promote enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex are an important sdg 5 indicator but putting laws in place does not automatically make them effective there are existing protections for women in the workplace or for individuals in the workplace in relation to harassment but we know from our call for evidence that they are not actually addressing the problem the recommendations that we developed included government implementing a mandatory duty for employers to take preventative steps to address harassment in the workplace so what we would like to see is government implement a much stronger legislative duty it has taken decades of struggle by the women's rights movement to persuade the international community to view violence against women as a human rights concern and a sustainable development priority not a private matter governments have obligations to respect protect and fulfill the right to a life free of violence and to provide for sanctions when they fail when seeking accountability the priority consideration must always be the safety and well-being of survivors respecting their wishes and autonomy and supporting them to make informed choices about the type of justice they want context is vitally important there are many strategies to hold perpetrators accountable including strategic litigation and public campaigns when the teachers impregnate the girls that means the system has failed and okay what they do is they blacklist the teachers and they are always removed from the payroll but we think that is not enough the case that was quite interesting is where one of the judges she did find a ruling against the teacher service commission the commission that is responsible for hiring teachers asking them that they must take responsibility and they were ordered to pay compensation to the girls who had gotten pregnant while in school the justice police issue came about a few years back when a young girl was raped and the punishment for her being ripped was that harappa she was gang-ripped and therapists were told to slash grass feminist organizations and young women organizations came back to the police and the police commissioner to ask and request that the people who are found to be perpetrators should be punished according to our constitution and according to the laws of the land and those are very big campaigns to get better justice so consequently they were jailed but also it was a sign that the system the police system had to be checked in terms of when someone reports a case any case of violence what happens and how is it followed through the maria pedra is another example of litigation that became a political mobilizer so this was a case from the inter-american commission that really galvanized a change in public policy a huge change because it was a case that addressed gender-based violence intimate partner violence it called on responsibility of brazil also for not having prevented this kind of violence the reality of a case that says you have the right to not be bruised you have the right to be free of physical psychological violence it's powerful it can change women's lives investing in autonomous women's movements has been one of the most important drivers of changes in laws and policies to address violence against women over the past 40 years according to data from over 70 countries women organizing to advance women's status define the very concept of violence against women raised awareness of the issue and put it on national and global policy agendas often we thought that it takes generations or centuries to change working intensely with the communities we can actually see change coming violence against women and girls is a violation of fundamental human rights to life and to physical and psychological integrity not to be tortured or treated in an inhuman and degrading way to respect for private and family life and the right not to be discriminated against this understanding is more than theoretical human rights-based tactics can offer a practical route to addressing systemic challenges across all the circumstances where violence against women and girls occurs including but not limited to at the hands of their partners at school and in the workplace by using evidence-informed prevention strategies addressing power relations and social norms community mobilizing and dialogue supporting health systems and professionals putting in place strong legal frameworks accessing justice and ending impunity feminist organizing and mobilizing every individual can help to deliver the 2030 agenda for sustainable development building a world in which women and girls are free from all forms of violence and discrimination [Music] youASEAN on the global stage Relations between ASEAN and other countries are conducted through ASEAN Plus Three, an annual meeting of ASEAN heads of state with the leaders of China, South Korea, and Japan; ASEAN Plus Six, which includes ASEAN Plus Three and Australia, India, and New Zealand; and the East Asia Summit, a meeting of ASEAN Plus Six with Russia and the United States. ASEAN summit meetings have occurred semiannually since the adoption of the ASEAN charter, and the organization’s agenda is overseen by a permanent secretariat based in Jakarta. The bloc’s diplomatic style has been described as “the ASEAN way,” a method of decision making that emphasizes noninterference, consensus, and personal, informal diplomacy, contributing to its growing influence and role as a major geopolitical entity. ASEAN has benefited enormously from Asia’s rise as a global center of power and wealth. By balancing relationships with the U.S., China, India, and the European Union, ASEAN is geographically and politically well situated to continue its extraordinary trajectory as one of the world’s fastest-growing trade blocs. As of 2023, ASEAN accounted for approximately 8 percent of global exports, putting it on par with the U.S. It is also central to two major free trade areas: the previously mentioned Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), which includes Canada, Chile, Mexico, and Peru as well as Australia, Brunei, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and Vietnam. ASEAN also participates in global forums such as the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), advocating for developing countries’ interests.Management and Globalization Global Management Why companies go global How companies for global Global Business environments Global Business Types of global business Pros and cons of global businesses Ethnic Challenges for global business Culture and Global Diversity Cultural intelligence Silent language of culture Tight and loose cultures Values and national cultures Global Management Learning Are management theories universal? Intercultural competencies Global learning goals Key concepts of the challenges of globalisation: Global economy Resources, markets and competition are worldwide in scope Internationalisation The process of increasing involvement in international operations Globalization/Deglobalization Glob- the growing interdependence among elements in the global economy The worldwide interdependence of resource flows, product markets and business competition World 3.0 Different views: World flat vs. round Distance is a metaphor that represents the degree of dissimilarities between countries Balancing cooperation in the global Global Management Global management - managing things in different countries Managing business and organizations with interests in more than one country What do we expect from global Managers Knowing how to adapt Knowing the language Global Manager Is culturally aware and informed on international affairs International Business Conducting for-profit transactions of goods and services across national boundaries International Motive Why do firms internatioalize their activities Cheaper labour Labour tax Natural resources Enrolments to do business Clientele Exclusive materials Personal benefits: Taxes Reasons why businesses go global Customers Suppluers Capital During (1993) - 4 motive 1. Market seeking 2. Efficiency Seeking 3. Resource seeking 4. Strategic Asset Seeking Cuervo Cazurra, Narula and un (2015) - 4 motive s Internationalization Motives A company may also explore the opportunities in different markets in order to take advantage and in some cases extend the product life cycle What is a Market Entry Strategy Involves the sale of goods or services to foreign markets but do not require expensive investments Franchising Exporting and importing Involve the sale of goods or services to foreign markets but do Types of market entry strategies Global sourcing Exporting Importing Licensing agreement Franchising Types of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) strategies: Joint venture Strategic alliance Owned Subsidiary (sometimes called WOS) How to go abroad What conditions will affect the decisions of firms on how to internationalize their activities? During (1978)- Eclectic paradigm OLI model OLI- Ownership, Location and Internalization Advantages Ownership advantages Resources owned by the organization that can be transferred across locations include trademarks, production techniques and processes, managerial skills and other resources not available to the competitors Location Advantages Represent the implications of choosing to produce or to perform activities in a specific location (country or region) Internalization Advantages: The ability to internalize or to incorporate activities that add value to its business Evolution of Concepts- New Elements Although economic factors are certainly important to explain the formation, growth and expansion of firms within and across national borders, they are not sufficient to explain the additional complexity when a firm decides to expand its activities across national borders Economic factors Investigate the economic elements that affect the internationalization of firms Behavioural Elements Explaining the additional challenges (and perhaps opportunities) a firm faces in foreign host countries when compared to indigenous (local) firms Behavioural theories Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) and Johanson and Vahlne (1977) Included the psychic Distance concept (beckerman,1956) to explain the internationalization behaviour of firms The Uppsala internationalization model Psychic distance is: the sum of factors preventing the flow of infomatio from and to the market Psychic Distance is a broad concept that includes several elements such as: language, culture, political systems, level of education, level of industrial development Firms behave in a “Risk Averse” manner It means that when the perceived risk goes down, the firm increase its commitment to the foreign market \ The Haier Group Data Strategy Big DATA and Small DATA The use of small data to satisfy individual customers’ needs, however, the book mentions a huge cultural shock at the plant in Camden, south caroline Ex: top down, hard hat colors and hierarchy Culutral Differnces can have a huge impact on the internationalization of firms Kogut and Singh (1988)- Cultural Distance Index First statsical study on the implication of ciltiral distance to the selection of entry mode When investigating in culturally distant countries, foreign firms can choose to partner with foreign firms in order to gain local knowledge and share the risk associated to the investment (higher commitment = higher risk) How Companies Go Global Global sourcing The process of purchasing materials or services around teh world for local use Exporting Selling locally made products in foreign markets Importing Buying foreign made products and selling them domestically Exports correspond to what percentage of Candain GDP What countries are the major trending partners of Canada Management and Globalization How Companies Go Global Licensing Agreement One firm pays a fee for rights to make or sell another company’s products What are the potential risks associated to licesning The case of new balance in China Franchising A fee is paid for the rights to use another firms name, branding and methods Insourcing Insourcing: refers to local job creation that results from foreign direct investment Types of insourcing Joint ventures: operate in a foreign country through co-ownership by foreign and local partners Strategic alliances: A partnership in which foreign and domestic firms share resources and knowledge for mutual gains Foreign subsidiaries: local operation completely owned by a foreign firm Criteria for choosing a joint venture partner: Familiarity with your firm’s major business String local workforce Values its customers Future expansion possibilities Strong local market for partner’s own products Good Profit potential Sound financial standing Global business environments Legal and poliical systems Trade agreements and trade barriers Regional economic alliances Legal and political systems Differing laws and practices regards Business ownership Negotiation and implementation of contracts Foreign currency exchange Protection of intellectual property rights Counterfeit merchandise Political risk Potential loss in value of foreign investment due to instability and political changes in the host country Political risk analysis (expertise/experience) Forecast political disruptions that threaten the value of a foreign investment Changes in the rules of the game Brexit US Trade Wars-mexico-China Other examples Bolivia, Venezuela, China De-globalization The process of weakening interdependence among nations Trade Agreements and trade Barriers World trade organization Most favourd nation status Tariffs Nontariss barriers (quotes, restrictions, etc.) Protectionism Regional Economic Alliances USMCA (replacment for the NAFTA-North American Free trade Agreement) EU- European Union APEC- Aisa Pacific Economic Copperation ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nationas SADC - Southern Africa Development Community MERCOSUR- Chapter 5- Global Management and Cultural Diversity (part 2) Review Types of global business Global corporation MNE (multinational enterprise) or MNC (multinational corporation) with extensive business operations in more than one foreign country Transnational corporation A global corporation that operates worldwide on borderless basis Some host country complaints about MNCs Host Country companits about MNCs: Excessive profits Interference with local government Domination of local economy Interference with local government Hiring the best local talent Limited technology transfer Disrespect for local customers Examples - War in Ukraine Disruption in global -value chains and increased pressure and interference of MNCs with local government Fertilizer imports in Brazil (one of the major producers of agricultural commodities) We must consider the triple bottom line and the impact in society, the environment and the economy $2.5 billion invest in potash mine in Brazill What about Globalization gap Large multinationals adn industrilizednaitons gaining disporoportinonally form globalization Globalization gap: Large multinational and industrialized nations gaining disproportionally from Globalization Some MNC complaints about host countries MNC Complaints about host countries: Profiit limitations Laws and regulations Overpirce resources Exploitative rules Foreign exchange restriction Failure to uphold contracts Mutual benefits for host countries and multinational companies Mutual benefits for host country and global corporation of MNC: Shared growth opportunities Shared income opportunities Shared learning opportunities Share development opportunities Develop projects together What are some of the ethical challenges for global business Ethincal challenges for global business Child labour Employmnet of children for worl otherwise done by adults Sweatshops Employment of workers at very low wages for long hours in poor working conditions Ex: Nike bad labour prices Unsafe working conditions Corruption Illegal practices that further one’s business interests Corrupiotn of froeign public officials Act makes it illegal for Candain firms and their representatives to engage in corrupt practices overseas Bribes to foreign officials Excessive commissions Non-monetary gifts Sweatshops Conflict materials What is culture Culture : The shared set of beliefs, values, and patterns of behvaiourr common to a group of people Food preferences Values and traditions Language and beliefs Religion Art music Life style Hofstede defines culture as: “The collectiv programing of teh mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others” What is culture shock Culture Shock: Confusion and discoumfert a person experiences in an unfaamiliar culture Stages to adjusting to a new culture Confusion Small vitorires The honeymoon Irritation and anger Reality Cultural Intelligence The ability to adapt and adjust to new cultures What is Ethnocentrism Tendency to consider one’s own culture as superior others Slinet languages of culture Contect Low context High context Space Proxemics Ex: personal space Time Monochronic Polychronic High and low contexts cultures Edward T.Hall (1959) Def: Part of a discourse that surround a word or passage and can throw on its meaning Low context cultures Emphizes communication via spoken or written words Countries like United States, Canada and Germany High context cultures Rely on nonverbal and situational cues as well as on spoken or written works Thailand Malaysia Time Monochronic cultures People tend to do one thing at a time Canda Polychronic cultures Time is used to accomplish many different things at once Egypt Space Proxemics Study of how people use space to communicate In North American people value “personal space’ Many Latin and Asian cultures expect much less personal space Tight and Loose Cultures Cultural tightness-looseness Tight = Strength of norms that govern social behvaviour Japan, Korea, Malaysia Loose = tolerance for any deviation from norms Australia, Brazil, Hungary Values and national cultures (Hofstede) Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Individalism-collectivism Masculinity-femininty Time Orientation Indulgence vs. Restraint Comparative management How management pratices systematically differ among countries and /or cultures Intercultural competencies Skills and personal characteristics that help us be successful in cross cultural situations Global Managers (know how to adapt) Need to successfully apply management functions across interantional boundaries Global Learning goals Not universal Engage critical thinking Look everywhere for new management ideas Always consider culture