Unsolicited marketing emails that can annoy recipients, damage an organisation's reputation, and lead to loss of customer trust.

Fraudulent online marketing messages designed to impersonate legitimate organisations and steal personal information.

The collection and use of personal data in online marketing, requiring compliance with data protection laws and transparency in data handling.

Fraudulent practices, such as bots inflating ad clicks, leading to wasted marketing budgets and credibility loss.

The risk of online ads appearing on inappropriate or offensive sites, potentially damaging an organisation's reputation.

The spread of false or misleading information through online marketing, causing confusion and mistrust.

Attackers gaining access to update servers, allowing them to alter or replace update files and compromise integrity.

Attackers intercepting and modifying update files during transmission, compromising file integrity.

Attackers embedding malware or viruses in software updates, leading to security breaches.

Failed updates caused by attackers, leaving systems in an insecure and vulnerable state.

Attackers overloading update servers, preventing legitimate users from accessing updates and keeping systems outdated.

Attackers forcing systems to revert to older, vulnerable software versions to exploit security weaknesses.

Use secure protocols (HTTPS, SFTP), digital signatures, and hash functions to verify update integrity.

Organisations should have robust security assessments and incident response plans to ensure systems remain secure and up to date.