following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome; means "rebirth"

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press

The study of body structure

the use of light and dark values to create the illusion of form; darker shades of color make certain parts of a painting look farther away creating a 3-D effect.

a technique of adding depth to paintings by making objects in the background smaller than objects in the foreground

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect; a true "Renaissance Man" who excelled in many disciplines

Painting by Leonardo da Vinci depicting the Passover meal that became Jesus' last meal with his disciples before his crucifixion

A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman with a mysterious smile. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world.

Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet

A Catholic church in Vatican City, Italy. Its ceiling was painted by the Renaissance artist Michelangelo.

Artist who created the sculpted bronze door panels of Florence's baptistery- "Gates of Paradise"

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance; known for the Dome of Florence Cathedral

Branches of knowledge concerned with human beings and their culture: philosophy, literature, and the fine arts, as distinguished from the sciences

"Father of Humanism"

Wrote "The Courtier" which was about education and manners and had a great influence.

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote "The Prince," a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe; wrote "The Praise of Folly"

Christian Humanist, wrote "Utopia" about a perfect society governed by Christian principles

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church; a priest would forgive the sins of people willing to make donations to the church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

English scholar who argued that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life; translated the Bible into English so it could be read and understood by the common man (this was illegal at the time)

Bohemian religious reformer whose efforts to reform the church eventually fueled the Protestant Reformation; he tried at the Council of Constance and was convicted of heresy and burned at the stake by the Catholic church

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 Theses, or statements of belief calling into question several immoral practices of the Church including the selling of indulgences

Document written by Martin Luther and posted on a church door in Germany that listed 95 things that Luther saw wrong with the church; Since this letter to the church leadership was publicly posted on the front door, it was quickly translated from Latin to German and spread via printing press into the hands of the common people.

the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church

Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland; Erasmus and Luther were major influences on his life and beliefs

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion, and that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

French theologian and reformer in Switzerland associated with the idea of predestination; wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion" to teach people how to live godly lives.

Those who chose to separate from the Roman Catholic Church when it refused to reform or correct the failures in the church pointed out by Luther and others.

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation; Calvin reasoned that no sinful man could find God unless God had chosen him

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Books (including non-Latin translations of the Bible) that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Roman Catholic Church were banned.

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers; openly corrupt practices and clergy were removed though doctrinal issues remained.

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin; heavily persecuted by the French crown who strongly supported the Catholic Church

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots; Henry of Navarre converted from Protestantism to Catholicism so that he could be crowned King of France. Afterward he changed laws allowing Huguenots (Protestants) to worship freely

War fought between Protestants and the Holy Roman Empire. Most fighting happened in Germany but many European nations participated. France (a Catholic country) ultimately helped the Protestants win to weaken their rival Spain (also a Catholic country)