Spanish or Portuguese-speaking nations south of the U.S. (Central and South America)

This was the line drawn by Pope Alexander VI that gave everything east of it to Portugal (Africa, Asia) and everything west of it to Spain (New World)

moved the Line of Demarcation farther west to prevent Portuguese sailors from accidentally crossing into Spanish waters on their way around Africa; although no one knew it at the time, this treaty would also give Portugal claim to Brazil in South America

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of full Spanish descent born in the New World; capable of great wealth but no political power under the colonial system

The European country from which colonists had been sent from

send (goods or services) to another country for sale.

To bring in goods from a foreign country for sale or use

A Portuguese noble that ruled in the New World; a hereditary privilege

Spanish official appointed to rule land claimed by Spain in the new world; a title only held by peninsulares

People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain; permitted to hold political offices

Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, and began the process of ending the encomienda systems.

A person of mixed Native American and European (Spanish/Portuguese) ancestry

Poor neighborhoods in South American colonies; occupied by poor Spaniards and Mestizos

Large Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants

the regions of the world that were known to Europeans before the discovery of the Americas

French explorer, found the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to Canada as a French possession (1534)

Father of New France, founded Quebec, discovered two of the Great Lakes

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Strong English leader that turned the Jamestown settlement into a thriving colony

the first permanent English settlement, founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company for economic reasons

farm crop raised to be sold for money- tobacco, cotton, coffee

English Puritans who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

a church supported by the government

13 English Colonies in North America after achieving independence and accepting The Constitution

1775-1783; also called "Revolutionary War"; war between Britain and the American colonies; American victory.

A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society

Liberator of the North; He was a creole and most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Liberator of the South; He was a creole from Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Fought alongside Bolivar for Venezuelan independence and then went on to free Ecuador from Spanish dominion

Argentine cowboys who fought in the independence movement in South America

Son of Portuguese king (João) who declared Brazil free from Portugal and became their first king.

creole military dictators