the study of the earth

the area between where the upper mantle meets the lower mantle 

(also called the Gutenberg discontinuity) lies roughly 1800 miles beneath the surface and marks the bottom of the mantle

a region of the earth's crust and the upper mantle

a theory that all the contents were connected together into one huge land mass that, over time, drifted into separate, smaller continents that we know today

rocks that bend downward during the folding process to form a trough-like structure

rocks that buckle upward during folding to form an arch-like structure

a mountain that forms when molten rock erupts from a hole in the earth's crust

mountains that appear to form when molten rock is forced beneath an overlying rock layer

an earthquake that results from sudden movements of rock beneath the earth's surface

a weak earthquake

smaller earthquakes that follow an earthquake at frequent intervals for days or even months, gradually decreasing in intensity

the study of earthquakes

the point at which an earthquake begins

epicenter 

an opening in the earth's surface thorugh which hot gases, ash, and molten rock are ejected from the earth's interior

molten rock inside a volcano

any substance emitted by an active volcano

the Hawaiian term for "ropy" lava

The Hawaiian term for lava that hardens into rough, jagged rocks with a crumbly texture 

particles or blocks of solid volcanic ejecta

huge, bowl-shaped craters that are produced by volcanoes

horizontal formations which form when the surface of a large lava flow hardens but the lava beneath remains molten and continues to flow

masses of volcanic rock beneath the surface that are formed when magma forces its way through cracks and weak spots in the rocks surrounding the magma chamber and solidify 

the most abundant element in the earth's crust 

the three major kinds of faults

San Andreas

the belt where over half of the world's active volcanos are found

an igneous intrusion similar to, but larger than, a laccolith

domelike intrusion produced when magma bulges the overlying rocks upwards 

the study of the matter and movement of God's physical creation

the substance of the physical world; anything that occupies space or has substance

the study of soil

an organized way for scientists to gather and pursue scientific knowledge; its main components are hypothesizing, observing, and experimenting. 

a sensible explanation about the objects and events of nature 

conditions that stay the same in both the control group and the experimental group

conditions present only in an experimental group

the most basic units of matter

atoms that are linked together in groups

a measurement of the amount of matter in an object

a measurement of the pull of gravity on an object

a measurement of the amount of space that matter takes up

a measurement of how tightly packed matter is

material primarily derived from nonliving matter

material primarily derived from nonliving matter

the processes that break rocks down into soil

a layer of solid rock below the subsoil

contains a range of sand, silt, clay, and humus mixtures

a scale used to express the degree of acidity or basicity of a substance

substances composed of only one type of atom

substances containing two or more elements bonded together

bacteria that get their name from the process of nitrogen fixation, which converts elemental nitrogen into nitrogen compounds

provide oxygen to the roots in the soil

any collected water below the soil's surface

"holding tanks" that collect ground water in layers of either porous rock or a gravel-soil mixture

a self-pumping well that occurs when water rises above the impermeable rock of an aquifer

the upward movement of water through a tiny space in response to surface tension

the reusing of old materials

the upper surface of ground water