an ecosystem isolated by other ecosystems; examples being ponds, mountain tops, oasis

distance, space, food variety

small quantity of distance will increase species richness whereas large quantity of distance will decrease species richness

small quantity of space will decrease species richness whereas large quantity of space will increase species richness

small quantity of food variety will decrease species richness whereas large quantity of food variety will increase species richness

left side of Island biogeography graph

right side of island biogeography graph

easier for species to migrate to islands that have a _________ distance from the mainland, rate of colonization is higher

harder for species to migrate to islands that have a ________ distance from the mainland, rate of colonization is lower

harder for ________ islands to recover from natural disasters, more susceptible to natural disasters. rate of extinction is higher

easier for ________ islands to recover from natural disasters, less susceptible to natural disasters. rate of extinction is lower

natural selection

each island has a different climate

different climate =_____________

different food sources = _____________

a species introduced to a habitat that it is not native to

specialists are outcompeted, unregulated predation if invasive species has no predators

primary succession and secondary succession

An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community (soil) previously existed

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

a species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem and have a particularly significant role in determining community structure

Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded. Its presence, abundance, scarcity, or chemical composition demonstrates that some distinctive aspect of the character or quality of an ecosystem is present

First species to populate an area during primary succession, and over time adapt to its particular conditions, which may result in the origin of a new species

will affect the total biomass, species richness and net productivity over time

over time, both in short- and long-term scales, through incremental changes at the genetic level

Environmental changes, either sudden or gradual, may threaten a species' survival, requiring individuals to alter behaviors, move or perish

something an animal does that helps it survive

Changes in the genetic makeup of organisms of a species that allow the species to reproduce and gain a competitive advantage under changed environmental conditions.

The successful establishment of a population of a species in a new location.

happen frequently at regular intervals, i.e., the tides

occurring occasionally and at irregular intervals (El Nino/La Nina every 2-7ish years)

happens without any specific pattern; i.e., meteorite impacts

Changes in ocean and atmosphere circulation patterns

See image

See image

See image

Sea level has varied significantly as a result of changes in the amount of glacial ice on Earth over geological time.

the range of conditions in which a species can survive

The range of a condition in which a species is most comfortable and thrives

zone where small numbers can survive these difficult conditions

zone where organisms cannot survive

specialists, because of the limited resources, such as food and territory on most islands

invasive species (generalists) because they can outcompete the specialists

provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting

the goods provided by nature that humans use as food, fuel, drinking water, building materials, and medicines

examples include: climate regulation, flood regulation, disease regulation, water purification

examples include: nutrient cycling, soil formation, primary production

the emotional, psychological, and recreational benefits that people obtain from nature

Human-induced changes on the natural environment

the variety of genes within a given species

The range of different habitats or number of ecological niches per unit area in an ecosystem, community or biome. Conservation of habitat diversity usually leads to the conservation of species and genetic diversity.

The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community.

specialist species first, then generalist species

the number of different species found in an ecosystem

large

diverse

a type of genetic drift in which population size is sharply reduced due to some catastrophic event; i.e., cheetahs

random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations