Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation. Given this, it has several branches pertaining to different focuses. Developmental Genetics, Evolutionary Genetics, and Behavioral Genetics are three of the eight branches of genetics. Which of the following is NOT a branch of genetics?

What is the Greek origin of "Genetics"? It means to grow or become into something. 

Who coined the term 'Genetics' in 1905?

There are two focuses of genetics, which of the two deals with the transmission of traits from parents to offspring?

It deals with the differences between parents and offsprings, among offsprings, and among individuals in the population. 

It consists of individuals of the same species sharing a common habitat.

It is a unit of heredity that controls a trait. 

They are the principal determinants of life processes. 

GENES AS DETERMINANT OF LIFE PROCESSES.

It is the life process controlled by genes wherein it states that genes control how cells operate. 

e.g. RBC making hemoglobin VS Epidermal Cells not making hemoglobin but serving as the protective layer of the skin.

GENES AS DETERMINANT OF LIFE PROCESSES.

There are genes responsible for cell _______ (Organelles).

GENES AS DETERMINANT OF LIFE PROCESSES.

An example of this is the influence of gene on how tadpoles turn into frogs and the maturity of a seed into a sporophyte. 

GENES AS DETERMINANT OF LIFE PROCESSES.

Genes help certain organisms thrive and survive in arid (severe lack of water) conditions. 

GENES AS DETERMINANT OF LIFE PROCESSES.

Why frogs are green, why owls are brown, and why some fishes glow and some don't.

GENES AS DETERMINANT OF LIFE PROCESSES.

TRPV1 gene for capsaicin receptor: The TRPV1 gene influences our tolerance to spicy foods. 

GENES AS DETERMINANT OF LIFE PROCESSES.

Genes control how cells are organized into ______ and ______

What is the alternative title of classical genetics?

It encompasses the basic principles of genetics

It focuses on: "how are traits passed on from generation to the next?".

It is concerned with chromosomes as bearers of genes. It is about looking at the arrangement of genes on chromosomes. And mapping the genes on chromosomes (where are each gene located in the chromosome?)

It deals with the behavior of chromosomes — bearers of genes.

It deals with the structure and functions of genes at molecular level. 

It tries to address how genetic information is replicated, encoded, and expressed. It deals with the processes in the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (DNA REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, and TRANSLATION). 

It tries to understand development/gene regulation during development.

It is the switching on and off of genes

It is the inheritance and expression of quantitative traits to know the role of genetic and environmental factors on a particular trait. 

It studies genetic composition of groups of individuals of the same species. 

We study this to track how the composition changes over time in the population. We look at the fate of genes in the population. We look at the factors affecting gene frequencies over time and space. 

It studies:

a. Mutation, b. Gene Flow, c. Genetic Drift, and d. Natural Selection

What are the products of genes based on Biochemical Genetics?

It deals with pathways and the role of enzymes and proteins as products of genes.

We look at the genetic basis of metabolic disorders. (e.g. Albinism: No melanin production. During the supposed melanin production, there' s a block in the pathway)

It studies how genetic variation leads to speciation and adaptation. It deals with genetic change within and between species. 

An example of this study is how citrus fruits evolved to be different citrus fruits like calamondin originating as a hybrid between kumquat and mandarin. 

It looks at how behavioral traits are inherited. 

An example of this study is how schizophrenia, alcoholism, manic depressive psychosis, criminality, and happiness are inherited.

It is the study of speciation and adaptation.

Before 1860s, Heredity is a _________ process.

Before 1860s, an offspring is said to be an __________ between the parents.

Offspring is an intermediate between the parents. This is true/false or not true if offspring is similar to one of the parents. 

Attention was given to reproduction and heredity during this time.

Who are the people who wanted to explain heredity?

What are the two outdated theories that tried to explain how traits are inherited?

It states that all structures and organs of the body contribute copies of themselves to sex cells (Genetic information travel from organs and when transferred to gametes like sperm, that's how genetic information is transferred).

What are the two origin words for Pangenesis from the Theory of Pangenesis? These words mean 'whole' and 'birth' respectively. 

It states that acquired body modifications are inherited. 

An example of this is the idea that when a giraffe stretches its neck to reach trees, this trait is believed to be inherited by the offspring of the parent giraffe.

The Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics was proposed in 1801 by who?

It states that plans of the entire body are contributed only by the sex cells. It proposed that germ cells (sex cells/ reproductive cells), are separate from somatic cells (body cells). 

Out of the three theories proposed to explain how traits are passed between parents and offspring, which is the accepted and correct theory as of today?

Theories for the passing of traits and their proponent. 

It states that genetic information are only in the germ line tissue which contains a complete set of genetic information that is directly transferred to the gametes. 

Around 1800s, Kolreuter, Gardner, Naudine, Charles Darwin, and Dzierson stated that:

•There is _________ in the F1 (first filial generation)

•There is _________ ___________ in the F2 (second filial generation)

The first generation of hybrids obtain ________

(dominant over recessive)

The second generation produced by interbreeding two F1 individuals (selfing the F1) has ________

In 1865, he first illustrated the concept of genes.

He said that "the gene is a discrete hereditary unity" which explains similarity and differences among parents and offspring.

discrete (separate and distinct)

Gregor Mendel is the _____________________

A discrete hereditary unit.

What are the two important principles of genetics proposed by Mendel?

SCOPE OF GENETICS

SCOPE OF GENETICS

GENETICS AFTER MENDEL'S TIME

"Genes that are linked are found in the same chromosomes"

What is the molecular basis of heredity?

An example of this application of genetics in microbial, plant, and animal improvement is the improvement of rice scene ornamentals. Animal breeding fits this as application as well. 

It is used to introduce foreign genes into a particular cell/genome and those genes will produce traits that were not there before. 

It is the product of genetic engineering. Some examples are Bt corn, cotton, soybean, and eggplant. 

An example of this are bacteria which are able to absorb oil spill.

It is the application of genetics wherein it could be in the form of identification of diseases and abnormalities, newborn screening, pharming, or gene therapy. 

Identifying genetic diseases even right after birth. This helps you control your diet as you grow older in order to avoid or lessen the symptoms or manifestations of the disease.

Using microorganisms and making them transgenic for certain biological product. 

Correcting genes through therapy to exhibit normal conditions.

Add the missing gene. An example of this is how the mutant adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene was replaced in a 4-year old girl in 1990 to treat SCID (Severe Combined Immune Deficiency Syndrome = susceptible to all types of infection). This costed/costs $850,000 - $3.5 Million

It is the process of advising individuals affected by or at risk of genetic disorders. Studying traits through analyzing family history. Pedigree analysis of prospective patients. 

EUGENICS VS EUPHENICS

Some examples of this application of genetics are blood type analysis and DNA fingerprinting.

This is used in paternity testing/disputed parentage, criminal identification, and identification of victims in mass disasters. Example: Innocence Project