GROUP OF ORGANISMS: PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC?

Prokaryotic cells do not have organelles but eukaryotic cells do. 

Is the nuclear membrane present or absent for eukaryotic cells?

It is the type of cell division for prokaryotic cells.

It is a method of asexual reproduction where the parent cell (one parent cell) separates/splits into two daughter cells. 

FOR PROKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION

These are the cell divisions for eukaryotic cells. 

The _____________ core has two each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histones.

A chromosome whose centromere is at the end

The complete set of genes or chromosomes in a cell

The Prophase I stage when bivalents are formed

The type of sexual life cycle exhibited in animals

The combination of light and dark segments in a chromosome indicates what process occurred? 

Prokaryotes membrane-bound organelles

The DNA content of a cell is doubled after S-phase

Mitosis only happens in somatic cells

Meiosis occurs in cells in the sexual cycle/sex cells only

A sister chromatid has one long DNA thread

Mitosis provides the physical basis for the segregation of paired genes. 

Cell Size for Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Organisms

Part of interphase where the cell grows in terms of cell size and there is production of proteins by absorbing water and nutrients. Cytoplasmic organelles (endoplasmic reticula, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are formed)

Part of interphase where there is DNA synthesis or DNA Replication. After this, the DNA strand will be doubled. 

Part of interphase where the long DNA will now be packaged slowly, finally forming the chromosome. It is the only time where the chromosome would be visible. 

It is composed of chain of nucleosomes. 

What is a nucleosome made of?

What are the histones that make up the nucleosome core?

It is the basic building block of a chromosome. 

A chain of nucleosome forms a ________.

The chromosome will only be visible at the start of mitosis or meiosis (at the start of cell division) since it is right after Gap 2 phase which succeeds the S Phase or DNA Synthesis

ORGANIZE THE ORDER OF HOW SISTER CHROMATIDS/CHROMOSOMES ARE PACKAGED

What links the nucleosome to the next nucleosome?

It is like a pearl necklace or rosary with the thread twisted around the ball. (After nucleosomes are linked)

A chromatin fiber is formed after the nucleosomes are linked together. 

What forms the looped domains when it is attached to the chromatin fiber/chromatin?

Sister chromatids represent one long DNA thread, with the DNA thead identical to each other.

The short arm of the chromosome arm.

The long arm of the chromosome arm.

It is also called the "primary constriction". 

It is the tip of the chromosome.

The chromosome is basically a folded chromatin fiber, the carrier of genes, and composed of chromosome arms, centromere, and telomere. 

If you treat the chromosome with _______ ________, the histones of the nucleosome core will be removed so the nucleosome core will be destroyed and the DNA will be the only left. Thus, the DNA is released.

Can dextran sulfate destroy the protein scaffold?

It is permanent and is used as cytological marker. 

It carries the gene responsible for the ribosomal (rDNA). It is attached to the nucleolus.

Carrier of rDNA

Median; if the chromosome is exactly at the middle of the chromosome arm.

Submedian; the centromere is close to the median.

Subterminal; the centromere is close to the terminal end.

Terminal; the centromere is at the terminal end. 

It is represented by X

It refers to the complete set of genes or chromosomes coming from the male or female parent. 

Referred to as the basic chromosome number.

GENOME VALUES

the diploid number (2n)

the haploid number (n)

It refers to "equational division", giving rise to two cells that are identical in terms of the genetic content and the types of chromosomes (type of chromosome = based on the centromere location). 

Chromosomes are visibly composed of sister chromatids.

The chromosomes align at the equatorial plane/equatorial plate as individuals. 

The separation of sister chromatids. Sister chromatids separate and they will move to opposite poles.

After anaphase of mitosis, we count the separated sister chromatids as ____________. 

At anaphase, when the sister chromatids separate, we no longer refer to them as chromatids, instead we refer to them as chromosomes.

There would be regrouping of the chromosomes at the poles. Chromosomes regrouped at the poles. And after cytokinesis, two cells are formed. 

2n = 16. How many chromosomes after interphase/during prophase?

2n = 16. How many chromosomes at metaphase?

2n = 16. How many chromosomes after anaphase?

2n = 16. How many chromosomes are there in each resulting daughter cell upon completion of cell division?

After mitosis when the daughter cells are produced, we retain the identity of the two cells in terms of chromosome number and type of chromosome.

The daughter cells after mitosis are identical because prior to mitosis, the cell will enter S phase (DNA synthesis); one strand will be doubled and will separate to opposite poles, one goes to one pole and one goes to the other pole. Hence, MITOSIS = EQUATIONAL. 

It is the reductional phase of Meiosis. 

THE ORDER OF THE 5 STAGES OF PROPHASE I

The thin thread stage

The homologous pairing stage. Where synapsis happen. Where the bivalance (II) is formed. 

What holds the bivalence (II) together?

Where crossing over happens; reshuffling of genes. The non-sister chromatids exchange genes which results to GENETIC RECOMBINATION or GENETIC VARIATION. 

It is the separation of the bivalence (II) starting at the centromere. It is the terminalization of the chiasmata. There is relaxation in the holding of the bivalence. 

WHAT IS ATTACHED WILL JUST BE THE TERMINAL END OF THE BIVALENT. 

The bivalence (II) are evenly distributed. It is the best stage to establish the chromosome number because if we assume that the bivalence are all normal and are all formed, if we consider a cell under this stage, you simply count the number of bivalence and multiply by 2 to get the chromosome number. 

At diakinesis, you simply count the number of _________ and multiply by 2 to get the chromosome number. 

What happens here is the alignment of the bivalance (II) at the equatorial plane as pairs. 

The separation of the bivalence (II) into univalent (I). 

Separation of II into I. 

They go to opposite poles. 

It is the stage responsible for meiosis I being the REDUCTIONAL DIVISION.

The chromosomes re-group at the opposite poles. At the end two haploid cells are formed. 

2n=16. How many chromosomes at Prophase I?

2n=16. How many chromosomes at Metaphase I?

2n=16. How many chromosomes at Anaphase I?

2n=16. How many chromosomes at Telophase I?

Are the daughter cells after meiosis I identical?

It is the EQUATIONAL DIVISION of MEIOSIS; similar to mitosis.

2n=16. How many chromosomes at Prophase II?

2n=16. How many chromosomes at Metaphase II?

2n=16. How many chromosomes at Anaphase II?

2n=16. How many chromosomes at Telophase II?

You have the univalence (I) aligning at the equatorial plane.

The separation of the sister chromatids during meiosis II.

Here, four (4) haploid cells are formed after regrouping and cytokinesis. 

In this life cycle, meiosis will happen BEFORE gametic formation.

AKA "Diploid-Dominant Life Cycle". 

In this life cycle, meiosis will be occurring AFTER zygote formation.

AKA "Haploid-Dominant Life Cycle"

In this life cycle, meiosis occurs IN BETWEEN the diploid stage and the gametic stage. 

AKA "Alternation of Generations Life Cycle"

ORGANISMS IN LIFE CYCLE

TYPE OF CELLS WHICH UNDERGO EITHER MITOSIS OR MEIOSIS

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

In mitosis, parental and daughter nuclei have identical genetic and chromosome content. Therefore, genes can arise only from pre-existing genes. 

In meiosis, the conservation of chromosome number of species is kept generation after generation.

At meiosis, chromosomes retain the same properties/shape, therefore, the integrity of the genes is preserved/retained as well. 

There is ________ and recombination of maternal and paternal chromosome at meiosis. (1/2^n)

Mutations can be retained and perpetuated cell generation after cell generation.

It provides the physical basis for segregation of paired genes. (Each of the alleles end up in different gametes).

It assures the continuity and constancy of genetic make-up of cells, tissues, and organs.

In meiosis, the crossing over at pachytene results to new genetic combination and recombination or genetic ___________.