Question 1

adhesion

Accepted Answer

the ability of molecules of one substance to stick to those of a different substance.

Question 2

aerobic respiration

Accepted Answer

the most common catabolic reaction in plants, involving the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.

Question 3

anabolism

Accepted Answer

the assembly of complex molecules from simple molecules.

Question 4

anaerobic respiration

Accepted Answer

the breakdown of glucose without oxygen.

Question 5

autotroph

Accepted Answer

organisms that manufacture their own food.

Question 6

bundle sheath cells

Accepted Answer

specialized cells that are packed tightly around the leaf veins of C4 plants; mesophyll cells surround the bundle sheath cells.

Question 7

C3 plants

Accepted Answer

plants that produce a three carbon compound as the first product of carbon fixation; most plants fall into this category; C3 plants grow well in cool temperatures and lower light intensities

Question 8

C4 plants

Accepted Answer

plants that have the ability to fix carbon dioxide into four carbon compounds; many of these plants have tropical origins.

Question 9

calvin-benson cycle

Accepted Answer

a series of reactions in the light-independent phase of photosynthesis that fix carbon dioxide and produce glucose.

Question 10

catabolism

Accepted Answer

the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules as an element of metabolism.

Question 11

cellular respiration

Accepted Answer

a chemical reaction in which stored food energy is made available for plants and animals.

Question 12

cellulose

Accepted Answer

a polysaccharide, or complex sugar molecule, applied to cell walls for strength and rigidity.

Question 13

chemiosmosis

Accepted Answer

a process in which hydrogen atoms cross the thylakoid membrane and travel down a proton gradient, producing ATP.

Question 14

chlorophyll

Accepted Answer

a group of light-trapping pigments that are the primary pigments involved in photosynthesis.

Question 15

citric acid cycle

Accepted Answer

a series of chemical reactions during which actyl CoA is degraded to carbon dioxide and water and ATP is released; also known as the kreb's cycle.

Question 16

CO2 fixation

Accepted Answer

the process in which carbon dioxide, along with hydrogen from NAPDH molecules, is used to make glucose and fructose.

Question 17

cohesion

Accepted Answer

the force that holds molecules of the same substance together.

Question 18

cohesion-adhesion theory

Accepted Answer

a theory that describes how water moves up the xylem of a plant stem.

Question 19

compound leaf

Accepted Answer

a type of leaf that consists of a petiole and two or more leaf blades called leaflets.

Question 20

cuticle

Accepted Answer

the waxy exterior coating on the epidermal cells of leaf tissues that serves to prevent excessive water loss.

Question 21

cyclic photophosphorylation

Accepted Answer

the type of photophosphorylation that involves only photosystem I and in which only ATP is produced.

Question 22

electromagnetic spectrum

Accepted Answer

the full range of radiation from the sun, with wavelengths measured in nanometers and placed on a spectrum based on their wavelengths.

Question 23

electron transport

Accepted Answer

the process in which electrons are transferred along a chain of electron acceptors in the thylakoid membrane, during which electrical energy is changed to chemical energy.

Question 24

epidermis

Accepted Answer

an upper layer and a lower layer of protective cells.

Question 25

foot candle

Accepted Answer

the amount of light emitted by a single candle 1 foot away.

Question 26

glycolysis

Accepted Answer

the splitting of sugar.

Question 27

grana

Accepted Answer

stacks of thylakoid disks in the stroma of a chloroplast.

Question 28

heterotroph

Accepted Answer

an organism that cannot make its own food; considered a consumer; eats autotrophs or other heterotrophs.

Question 29

leaf

Accepted Answer

collects solar energy and converts the solar energy to food.

Question 30

leaf blade

Accepted Answer

the large, broad part of a leaf.

Question 31

light-dependent reaction

Accepted Answer

a reaction of photosynthesis that takes place in the thylakoid membranes in the presence of light to produce products that drive the light-independent reaction.

Question 32

light-independent reaction

Accepted Answer

a reaction not directly dependent on light; rather it relies on ATP and NADPH made during the light-dependent reaction to manufacture carbohydrate molecules in the stroma.

Question 33

margin

Accepted Answer

the edge of the leaf blade.

Question 34

mesophyll

Accepted Answer

photosynthetic tissue sandwiched between the epidermal layers, where the bulk of photosynthetic activity for a plant takes place.

Question 35

metabolism

Accepted Answer

all the physical and chemical processes involved in the life of a plant.

Question 36

noncyclic photophosphorylation

Accepted Answer

the more common of the two light-dependent reactions in which photosystems I and II are used to produce both ATP and NAPDH.

Question 37

oxidation

Accepted Answer

a chemical reaction in which a substance loses electrons.

Question 38

oxidation-reduction

Accepted Answer

a chemical reaction in which one substance is oxidized while another is reduced; also known as redox reactions.

Question 39

palisade layer

Accepted Answer

a stacked layer of mesophyll cells just below the upper epidermis.

Question 40

petiole

Accepted Answer

a leaf stalk that connects the leaf blade to the stem.

Question 41

photochemical reaction

Accepted Answer

the first step of the light-dependent reaction in which light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to electrical energy.

Question 42

photons

Accepted Answer

tiny particles or little packets of energy of which visible light is composed.

Question 43

photophosphorylation

Accepted Answer

the process of converting energy from a light-excited electron to the synthesis of ATP.

Question 44

photosynthesis

Accepted Answer

the process by which energy from the sun is used to produce sugars.

Question 45

photosystem I

Accepted Answer

the chlorophyll a molecule, P700, that has peak absorption of light measuring 700 nanometers.

Question 46

photosystem II

Accepted Answer

the chlorophyll a molecule, P680, that has peak absorption of light measuring 680 nanometers.

Question 47

reduction

Accepted Answer

a chemical process in which substances gain electrons.

Question 48

simple leaf

Accepted Answer

a type of leaf that consists of a single leaf blade and a petiole.

Question 49

spongy mesophyll layer

Accepted Answer

a loosely arranged layer of mesophyll cells located underneath the palisade layer.

Question 50

starch

Accepted Answer

huge molecules resulting from the bonding of thousands of glucose molecules that serve as the principal way in which food is stored for plants.

Question 51

stomata

Accepted Answer

pores or openings in the epidermis of a leaf.

Question 52

stroma

Accepted Answer

a fluid loaded with enzymes that fills much of the chloroplast; involved in the photosynthetic process.

Question 53

thylakoids

Accepted Answer

disk-shaped structures within the stroma that are interconnected.

Question 54

transpiration

Accepted Answer

the loss of water from plant tissues, especially the leaves.

Question 55

xylem

Accepted Answer

conductive tissue through which water and minerals move upward in a plant.

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