A group of students dropped a golf ball from different heights above a level concrete floor. The ball hit the floor and bounced directly upwards. The teacher calculated the speed of the ball when it hit the floor. The students measured the height of the bounce with a tape measure. Which statement about forces acting on the golf ball is supported by the evidence in data table 1?

Unbalanced forces cause the golf ball’s speed to increase as the ball falls.

Balanced forces cause the golf ball’s speed to increase as height of the bounce increases

Unbalanced forces cause the golf ball’s speed to decrease as the ball falls.

Forces on the ball are balanced when the golf ball hits the floor and bounces up.

A student claims that the energy of the golf ball was converted from one form to another when the ball hit the floor. Which table accurately describes an energy conversion that occurred when the ball hit the floor and the supporting evidence?

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Looking at the evidence from Data Table 1, how does the speed of the golf ball affect the energy of the golf ball?

As shown in the data table, as the speed of the ball increases so does that bounce height which shows an increase in energy

As shown in the data table, as the speed of the ball increases the bounce height decreases which shows a decrease in energy

The data table does not show a change in speed or energy

After completing the golf ball investigation, a student decided to investigate how to get a golf ball to travel from the beginning of a toy car track to the end of the toy car track, The student placed a golf ball at the top of the ramp and observed that the ball rolled down the track, began to go up the loop, then fell off the track. In order to solve this problem of the golf ball not reaching the end of the track, the student came up with two solutions. Which solution would work best?

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What happens to the motion of an object when balanced forces are applied?

The object remains at rest or moves at a constant speed

Force and Motion STEM Prep

Cohesion and Adhesion Water molecules stick to each other as a result of hydrogen bond- ing. An attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together is known as cohesion. Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules contributes to the upward movement of water from plant roots to their leaves. Related to cohesion is the surface tension of water. The cohe- sive forces in water resulting from hydrogen bonds cause the mol- ecules at the surface of water to be pulled downward into the liquid. As a result, water acts as if it has a thin “skin” on its sur- face. You can observe water’s surface tension by slightly overfill- ing a drinking glass with water. The water will appear to bulge above the rim of the glass. Surface tension also enables small crea- tures such as spiders and water-striders to run on water without breaking the surface. Adhesion is the attractive force between two particles of differ- ent substances, such as water molecules and glass molecules. A related property is capillarity (KAP-uh-LER-i-tee), which is the attrac- tion between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid. Together, the forces of adhe- sion, cohesion, and capillarity help water rise through narrow tubes against the force of gravity. Figure 2-11 shows cohesion and adhesion in the water-conducting tubes in the stem of a flower. Temperature Moderation Water has a high heat capacity, which means that water can absorb or release relatively large amounts of energy in the form of heat with only a slight change in temperature. This property of water is related to hydrogen bonding. Energy must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds, and energy is released as heat when hydrogen bonds form. The energy that water initially absorbs breaks hydro- gen bonds between molecules. Only after these hydrogen bonds are broken does the energy begin to increase the motion of the water molecules, which raises the temperature of the water. When the temperature of water drops, hydrogen bonds reform, which releases a large amount of energy in the form of heat. Therefore, during a hot summer day, water can absorb a large quantity of energy from the sun and can cool the air without a large increase in the water’s temperature. At night, the gradually cooling water warms the air. In this way, the Earth’s oceans stabilize global temperatures enough to allow life to exist. Water’s high heat capac- ity also allows organisms to keep cells at an even temperature despite temperature changes in the environment. As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down. A relatively large amount of energy is absorbed by water during evaporation, which significantly cools the surface of the remaining liquid. Evaporative cooling prevents organisms that live on land from overheating. For example, the evaporation of sweat from a person’s skin releases body heat and prevents over- heating on a hot day or during strenuous activity. Adhesion Cohesion Hydrogen bonds Cohesion, adhesion, and capillarity contribute to the upward movement of water from the roots of plants. FIGURE 2–11 www.scilinks.org Topic: Hydrogen Bonding Keyword: HM60777 mb06se_cols03.qxd 5/18/07 10:47 AM Page 41 42 CHAPTER 2 Density of Ice Unlike most solids, which are denser than their liquids, solid water is less dense than liquid water. This property is due to the shape of the water molecule and hydrogen bonding. The angle between the hydrogen atoms is quite wide. So, when water forms solid ice, the angles in the molecules cause ice crystals to have large amounts of open space, as shown in Figure 2-12. This open space lattice structure causes ice to have a low density. Because ice floats on water, bodies of water such as ponds and lakes freeze from the top down and not the bottom up. Ice insulates the water below from the cold air, which allows fish and other aquatic crea- tures to survive under the icy surface.

Force and motion

110.31.b.17.C

Topic: Reading/Vocabulary Development

STAAR English II High School 2014 - Past Paper

110.31.b.1.B

STAAR English I High School 2017 - Past Paper

110.32.b.15.A

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