British philosopher, writer, and economist who described capitalism in his book, The Wealth of Nations

economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in businesses to make a profit

economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people, there is no private property, and all goods and services are shared equally

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

one of the fenced-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land formerly worked by village farmers

a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business

the resources that are needed to produce goods and services

a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods

the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine

the development of factories for the machine production of goods

German political philosopher and author of The Communist Manifesto which described socialism, the basis for communism

the idea in capitalism that the government should be "hands off" and leave business alone

a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers

an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

shares of a company sold to investors who share in the profits and losses

to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands

an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages

the growth of cities and the migration of people into them

the theory that government should aim to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people

a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others

Napoleon's final defeat

a system of government designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others

series of meetings (1814-1815) when European leaders tried to establish long-lasting peace and security after defeating Napoleon

someone, often a wealthy landowner or noble, who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe

a sudden seizure of political power in a nation

in Spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish parents

a statement of the reasons for the American colonies' break with Britain

one of the three social classes in French society before the French Revolution

an assembly of representatives from all three of the social classes in France

military leader whose Red Shirt army was very important in the unification of Italy

a machine for beheading people, used for executions during the French Revolution

a member of the most radical group during the French Revolution

someone, often a member of the middle class, who wanted to give more power to elected parliaments

the French king executed during the French Revolution

the French queen executed during the French Revolution

the leader of the Jacobins during the Reign of Terror

in Spanish colonial society, someone of mixed European and African heritage, often discriminated against

military general and French Emperor who took power after the Reign of Terror

written set of laws developed for France by Napoleon

French legislature formed by the Third Estate to enact reforms for France in the name of the people

the belief that people should be loyal to their nation, rather than to a king or empire

Prussian politician and later German chancellor who helped unite Germany

in Spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in Spain

someone, often a member of the lower class, who wanted drastic change and favored democracy for all people

the period of the French Revolution when the Jacobins ruled and thousands of citizens were executed

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land

Latin American revolutionary who helped kick Spain out of most of South America

pledge made by members of the Third Estate to write a new constitution for France

the process of multiple states or territorites being made into a whole

a king or queen who has unlimited power, claims divine right, and seeks to control all aspects of society

absolute ruler of Mughal India who ruled during the empire's golden age and who practiced religious tolerance

ruler of Russia and an enlightened despot

land-owning feudal lords in Japan

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on Earth and therefore answer only to God

a monarch who retains absolute control of their country while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas

18th-century European movement that stressed the importance of reason and science in philosophy and the study of human society

English writer and Enlightenment philosopher who developed the idea of natural rights

absolute ruler of France known as the Sun King who constructed the Palace of Versailles

English writer and Enlightenment philosopher who fought for women's right and feminism

French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who argued for the separation of powers in a government

czar of Russia who was responsible for the country's westernization in the 18th century

the general term for an Enlightenment thinker

French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who developed the idea of the social contract

a social gathering of Enlightenment thinkers and artists, held in the homes of wealthy women

the agreement by which people define and limits their individual rights in order to create an organized society and government

Ottoman sultan who ruled during the empire's golden age and who practiced religious tolerance

feudal period of Japanese history during which Japan was largely isolated from the rest of the world

French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who argued for the freedom of speech

adopting the social, political, and economic traditions of European and American countries