Researchers George Starks and Tony Bolden have lent their expertise on Black history and music to an important new initiative _____ Timeline of African American Music, a digital resource that traces the development of individual musical genres (such as jazz and gospel) while also revealing the connections between them.

[17] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The Austronesian language family includes Nauruan, Marshallese, and some 1,200 other languages throughout the Pacific, making it one of the largest language families in the world and of keen interest to _____ of Leiden University.

[18] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Located on the Ilmenau River in Germany, the city of Lüneburg was a member of a powerful mercantile alliance that dominated northern European trade between the 13th and 17th _____ Hanseatic League, a loose confederation of cities from eleven modern-day countries that has been described as a precursor to today’s European Union.

[19] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

James Lavadour is known for using layered panels to create textured, panoramic landscapes of his beloved terrain. The acclaimed Walla Walla artist was awarded a 2005 fellowship by the Eiteljorg Museum, whose extensive collection of artworks by Indigenous peoples of the Americas and other artists of the American West _____ among the best in the world.

[20] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Many of the world’s most famous animals have lived in the Greater Kruger National Park in South Africa. Between 2010 and 2012, for instance, the _____ prowled the park as part of the dominant Matimba coalition (band of male lions).

[21] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Star actress Kiki Omeili, who has appeared in 47 Nollywood films, is one of numerous luminaries to be pictured in Nigerian portraitist Iké Udé’s exhibition Nollywood Portraits. _____ referred to Nollywood—Nigeria’s $3 billion film industry—as “Africa’s vivid mirror par excellence,” honors its legacy with his vivid classical portraits of Omeili and her peers.

[22] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Newer offshore wind turbines often outperform older models. For example, Sweden’s offshore wind farm, built in 1998, has wind turbines that generate about 0.6 megawatts (MW) of electricity each. _____ England’s Triton Knoll offshore wind farm, built in 2021, has turbines that can generate about 10 MW of electricity each.

[23] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Tristan Otto is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen from the Late Cretaceous period.

The Late Cretaceous period ended more than 65 million years ago.

Tristan Otto is a member of the genus Tyrannosaurus.

Tristan Otto is on display at the Natural History Museum.

The Natural History Museum is in Berlin, Germany.

[24] The student wants to specify Tristan Otto’s location. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

In a 2003 study, Wilsey and Polley tested the effect of plant litter on seedling emergence in a grassland setting.

Plant litter includes dead leaves and other plant material.

The test site was a mesic grassland in the United States.

It was in a subtropic climate with year-round rain.

The researchers found that in these environmental conditions the presence of plant litter had a neutral effect on seedling emergence.

[25 ]Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to specify the characteristics of the test site?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Merle Oberon (1911–1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then known as Bombay), India.

She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.

She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.

Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such as her role in The Three Passions (1928).

Later, she played many named, credited roles, such as Serena Moore in Interval (1973).

[26] Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to begin a narrative about Merle Oberon’s life?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Louis Ballard was a classical composer and citizen of the Quapaw Tribe.

He sought to synthesize Western classical music with elements of various Native musical traditions.

Ballard's composition Cacéga Ayuwípí incorporates a Navajo (Diné) water drum, a traditional Native instrument.

Ethnomusicologist Tara Browner writes that Ballard's classical music “relies on Indigenous instruments, rhythms, forms,...and other musical elements.”

[27] The student wants to connect the quotation from Browner to a specific composition. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Economist Jingting Fan argues that the effects of international trade may display spatial variation at sub-national levels. For instance, imported goods may reduce expenses for a country’s average consumer, but for consumers living far from ports, high international transport costs could _____ the price advantages associated with imports.

[1] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

As discussed by scholar Anna Mladentseva, many artworks produced in the mid-1990s to the early 2000s exclusively for exhibition on the internet, such as Sinae Kim’s Genesis (2001), have become inaccessible because viewing them requires the use of _____ software (most notably Adobe Flash, discontinued in 2021).

[2] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Proposals to raise the age at which retirees begin receiving government transfers of funds are generally discussed in terms of the effects on transfer recipients, but Andria Smythe has argued that delaying such transfers could _____ wealth creation among working adults by lengthening the period in which they are providing financial support to their nonworking parents.

[3] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

In the late 2010s, the price of video game cartridges from the 1980s and 1990s rose dramatically, which had the counterintuitive effect of ______ demand: buyers who hadn’t previously wanted to purchase vintage video games thronged the market, believing prices would continue to rise and the games could be resold later at a profit.

[4] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

In 2014 Leon Green and Fredrik Jutfelt published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the behavior of Scyliorhinus canicula, a species of fish. However, Green and Jutfelt’s study relied on a mean sample size of only 7 fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists’ conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Jeff C. Clements and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.

[5] Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk created a computer model to predict the mix of hotels, supermarkets, and other businesses found in a given neighborhood. How we define a neighborhood and its boundaries is subjective, so the team used a clustering algorithm to locate dense groupings of amenities that represent human-identified neighborhoods like Boston’s Harvard Square. The predictive model, which incorporates this algorithm, is sure to be invaluable in determining the optimal mix of a city’s amenities.

[6] Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

Yingguang Frank Chan and colleagues have explored how convergent evolution—a phenomenon that occurs when the same trait evolves independently in two reproductively separate lineages—can result from a genetic mechanism shared by both lineages. Meanwhile, Bas J. Zwaan and colleagues have investigated how convergence occurs through different genetic mechanisms, but the relative prevalence of convergence through shared and different genetic processes is still poorly understood. This motivated biologists Delbert A. Green II and Cassandra G. Extavour to evaluate both types of convergence in a single study for their 2012 paper.

[7] Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

Text 1

Scholarship today overrepresents experimentally fragmented narrative structures, such as that of Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood, beyond the degree to which they actually influenced fiction in the United States during the modernist period (roughly 1900–1945). Meanwhile, Richard Wright’s Native Son, whose coherent, linear narrative structure recalls the fiction of previous centuries, attracts woefully little attention from scholars of modernism.

Text 2

Distant reading, or computer-assisted quantitative analysis of massive collections of digitized texts, can reveal stylistic elements that have heretofore escaped notice, despite being shared by numerous texts from the modernist period. For too long, scholars have focused on narrative fragmentation versus coherence, inhibiting inquiry into other points of stylistic correspondence among works that would enrich our understanding of the modernist canon.

[8] Based on the texts, both the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement about scholarship on the modernist period in the United States?

Why do some people with high incomes vote for politicians supporting higher taxes on those with high incomes like themselves? Economists Benjamin Enke et al. propose that values are a luxury good: that is, the higher one’s income, the more weight one has the liberty to assign to one’s values when voting. Thus, Enke et al. suggest that although the behavior of high-income earners who advocate for higher taxes may seem counterintuitive, such people likely do so because they feel enabled by their economic security to take a stance they think is morally correct.

[9] Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

There Is Confusion is a 1924 novel by Jessie Redmon Fauset. In the novel, the narrator portrays the character Joanna as someone who admires ambition in other people to the exclusion of all other qualities: _____

[10] Which quotation from There Is Confusion most effectively illustrates the claim?

In a paper for an art history class, a student claims that Barbara Hepworth's 1932 sculpture Pierced Form marks a significant change in Hepworth's artistic development.

[11] Which quotation from an art history textbook would most effectively support the students claim?

Many disinfectants contain silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), which can leach into waterways and soils via wastewater. In a 2009 study, Maqusood Ahamed and colleagues found that Ag-NPs can accumulate in the bodies of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). While bioaccumulation of manufactured nanoparticles may be inherently worrisome, it has been hypothesized that Ag-NP bioaccumulation in invertebrates like D. melanogaster could serve a valuable proxy role, obviating the need for manufacturers to conduct costly and intrusive sampling of vertebrate species—such as African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis), commonly used in regulatory compliance testing—for nanoparticle bioaccumulation, as environmental protection laws currently require.

[12] Which finding, if true, would most directly support the hypothesis presented in the text?

Neurobiologists Laura Cuaya, Raúl Hernández-Pérez, and colleagues investigated the language detection abilities of eighteen dogs of various ages. The researchers monitored the brain activity of Maya (a 97-month-old golden retriever), Bingo (a 37-month-old mixed breed), and other dogs while the animals listened to three recordings: one of The Little Prince being read in Spanish, the second in Hungarian, and a third made up of short, randomly selected fragments of the first two, scrambled so that they didn’t resemble human speech. Each of the dogs was familiar with either Spanish or Hungarian, but not both. The team concluded that the younger the dog, the worse it may be at differentiating between familiar and unfamiliar languages.

[13] Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly support the team’s conclusion?

Quasars—such as 3C 273, located in the Virgo constellation—are extremely luminous galactic nuclei powered by supermassive black holes. Quasars range in age, with approximately 200 of them known to have developed within the first billion years of the formation of the universe. Astronomers have long wondered how any quasars could have formed so early in the universe’s evolution given that conditions are believed to have been ill suited to their creation, which suggests that _____

[14] Which choice most logically completes the text?

In a 2017 study, Nitika Sharma and Rekha Dayal found that for consumers who value environmental conservation, their likelihood of purchasing a product increased when their perception of the product's effectiveness at addressing an environmental issue increasedin other words, the more environmentally friendly a product is perceived to be by a consumer, the more likely that consumer is to buy it. Subsequently, another research team conducted a study of various demographic groups in South Korea, investigating participants' intention to purchase a new piece of furniture, and found that, on average, college students gave the piece of furniture a higher environmental effectiveness rating than any other demographic group did. Assuming that the results of Sharma and Dayal's study are broadly applicable, this finding suggests that ______

[15] Which choice most logically completes the text?

To combat predation by Allen’s big-eared bat and other insectivorous bats, many moth species, including Eupanacra variolosa, emit ultrasonic pulses that, in some cases, disrupt the echolocation bats rely on for foraging. Some scientists have hypothesized that this capability evolved because it imposes a lower metabolic cost than does the alternative mechanism of producing chemicals that render moths noxious to bats. Juliette J. Rubin et al. investigated the acoustic properties of moths’ ultrasonic responses to audio of bat echolocation and then assessed the palatability of the ultrasound-producing moths. They found that several moth genera that emit ultrasonic pulses capable of disrupting bat echolocation are unpalatable to bats, suggesting that _____

[16] Which choice most logically completes the text?