Robert Morris's image was printed on $1,000 US banknotes in 1862, making the former US superintendent of finance one of many nonpresidents _____ on US currency.

[15] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Many experts, like lawyer and cycling advocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez, have proposed bike travel as one possible way to alleviate congestion on the busy roadways of Los Angeles County, California. Indeed, local bicycle paths like the San Francisquito _____ have become an increasingly popular means of travel for commuter and recreational trips alike.

[16] which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Wisconsin, _____ 1,372 feet in elevation, reaches its highest point at Timms Hill.

[17] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Over the years, dozens of architectural and archaeological sites important to Hawaiian history and culture, such as the Wailua Complex of Heiaus and Menehune Fishpond, have been added to the Hawai'i Register of Historic Places, and each year, a review board of experts that includes sociologist Alton Okinaka and architect Katie Stephens gathers to _____ which sites to add next to the growing registry.

[18] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

While the greater adjutant can be found in places like the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve in Nepal and Chhnuk Tru in Cambodia, more than 80 percent of this endangered stork species is found in Assam, India. There, wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman is on the front lines of conservation efforts _______ through community involvement and scientific study, aim to bring adjutants back from near-extinction.

[19] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In knot theory (the mathematical study of curved, closed loops), knots are characterized by their crossing numbers—that is, the number of times the knotted thread crosses over itself. The trefoil knot and the figure-eight knot, each with a crossing number below five, _____ among the simplest possible knots with the fewest number of crossings.

[20] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

At 4,000 years old, the Ancient Yew, a common yew (Taxus baccata) located in the United Kingdom, is one of the oldest known trees in the world. With four millennia of climate data in its tree rings, a single tree like this, claims _____ Valerie Trouet, can tell the history of the world.

[21] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Space scientist Luminata Ilinca Ignat is excited about the potential of the new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Unlike its predecessor, the Hubble Telescope, the JWST is primarily an infrared telescope. Most light from distant galaxies is infrared; _______ the JWST can provide Ilinca Ignat and her team much more information about these galaxies than the Hubble could.

[22] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

During many historic New York City parades, including the 1912 ticker-tape parade for US Olympic champions, the ribbonlike swirls descending on the scene were paper spools from “tickers,” telegraph machines that were used to transmit stock prices. _____ the tickers had long since been retired by the time of the parade for the New York Giants in 2008. Then, shredded standard paper enriched the celebration.

[23] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Birds of Northern South America is an identification guidebook by ornithologists Robin Restall, Clemencia Rodner, and Miguel Lentino.

It lists the thirty-five hummingbird species found in Suriname.

The great-billed hermit is a large hummingbird found in Suriname

It is identifiable by its bronzy back and its very long, black, curved bill.

The amethyst woodstar is a small hummingbird found in Suriname.

It is identifiable by its green back and its short, black, straight bill.

[24] Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize a difference between the two birds?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

The French Republican calendar replaced the Gregorian calendar in France from 1793 to 1805.

Both calendars are divided into twelve months.

The timelines for the months don’t match.

The sixth month of the French Republican calendar, Ventôse, begins during February, the second month of the Gregorian calendar.

The eighth month of the French Republican calendar, Floréal, begins during April, the fourth month of the Gregorian calendar.

[25] The student wants to emphasize a difference between the French Republican and Gregorian calendars. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders minerals by hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.

- Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and can leave visible scratches on them.

- Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with larger numbers and cannot leave visible scratches on them.

- The mineral fluorite has a Mohs scale number of 4.

- The mineral quartz has a Mohs scale number of 7.

- The mineral diamond has a Mohs scale number of 10.

[26] The student wants to compare the hardness of the three minerals. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Ynés Mexía was a Mexican American botanist.

- Between 1917 and 1938, she collected over 150,000 botanical samples throughout the Americas.

- She collected a sample of Wulffia maculata in Minas Gerais, Brazil, on January 25, 1930.

- She collected a sample of Senecio chapalensis in Jalisco, Mexico, on January 17, 1927.

- These specimens are part of the Asteraceae family.

- They can now be viewed online at the CV, Starr Virtual Herbarium.

[27] Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to begin a narration of Mexía's collection of Wulffia maculata?

The following text is from Jhumpa Lahiri's 2003 novel The Namesake. Gogol, a child, is at a beach in Massachusetts with his father.

He watches his father raise a kite within minutes into the wind, so high that Gogol must tip his head back in order to see, a rippling speck against the sky. The wind whips around their ears, turning their faces cold.

[1] As used in the text, what does the word “raise” most nearly mean?

Novelist Leon Forrest admired William Faulkner's writing style. Forrest's novel Divine Days contains a long passage in tribute to Faulkner that is a perfect _____ of Faulkner's style: anyone familiar with Faulkner's writing would see the resemblance.

[2] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The Stock Exchange of Thailand in Bangkok, Thailand, is a dedicated exchange for investing in companies operating in Thailand, ensuring those companies receive certain regulatory oversight. Knowing this can _____ potential investors’ worries about bureaucratic minutiae and thereby allow them to instead focus on identifying sound business opportunities.

[3] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The tendency to group authors together into distinct literary movements often encourages literary scholars to _____ subtleties in an author's style. Those studying the works of Amos Bronson Alcott, for instance, may inadvertently overlook nuances in his work by focusing only on the most obvious ways in which his style corresponds to transcendentalism.

[4] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Though it does not guarantee a book's commercial success, _______ can play a big role in that success—a well-executed marketing campaign helped to make Richard Bachman's novel The Regulators the fifth-best-selling novel of 1996.

[5] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The following text is adapted from Louise Erdrich's 2020 novel The Night Watchman. Louis Pipe stone is collecting signatures for a petition from fellow members of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa on the tribe's reservation in North Dakota.

Louis Pipe stone tended the petition like a garden. He kept it with him at all times. In town, his eyes sharpened when he noticed a tribal member who hadn't yet signed. Wherever they were—at the gas pump, mercantile [general store], at Henry's [Café], on the road, or outside the clinic and hospital—Louis cornered them. If they were waiting for a baby to be born, he'd have them sign. If they were laughing, if they were arguing. If they were taking a child home from school, they signed.

[6] Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

In Nuxalk, an Indigenous language from the Pacific Northwest region of what are now the United States and Canada, wats' means “a dog,” whereas wawats'tii means “a small or cute dog.” This phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is related to the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the element “wa” in wats' gets repeated in wawats'tii. There are many examples of this type of reduplication in Nuxalk.

[7] Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic waste. Areas of the ocean with higher concentrations of microplastic particles also have smaller and fewer waves. A study by Yukun Sun and colleagues found that the concentration of microplastic particles cannot be the only reason for this reduced wave activity because the concentration of particles that would have the observed effect is much higher than that found in these areas of the ocean. However, they found that surfactants, chemicals often used to manufacture plastics, are released into the water from microplastics and have a much stronger wave-reducing effect.

[8] According to the text, what did Sun and colleagues discover about surfactants?

Artificial leaves are a developing renewable energy technology that mimics the process of photosynthesis in plants. These devices are silicon-based solar cells coated in chemical catalysts that activate reactions that split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen gas. The technology, while generating lots of interest, is not yet commercially viable as a large-scale energy source. To meet this challenge, scientists from many fields are researching ways to store, transport, and distribute the energy the devices produce while other scientists are working to improve the cost and efficiency of the devices.

[9] Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

Veronica L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and Jayne E. Yack investigated the evolution and function of sound production in silk moth and hawk moth caterpillars. They found that during harmless simulated attacks on isolated caterpillars, 33% of the tested species produced sound, which ranged from clicks in Manduca pellenia to vocalizations in Sphecodina abbottii. Although some insects use sound to communicate with members of the same species, the researchers claim that the caterpillar sounds recorded in their study are directed primarily at predators.

[13] Which finding, if true, would most directly support Bura and colleagues' claim?

Over 600 languages are spoken in New York City in addition to English—one can find Aromanian spoken in the neighborhood of Ridgewood, or Hindi in Gramercy Park. Many immigrants from north China, where Mandarin is the primary language, reside in the neighborhood of Flushing (part of New York City's borough of Queens) while those who emigrated from south China, where many people speak Cantonese or Fuzhounese as a first language, tend to reside in Chinatown, in the borough of Manhattan. Among speakers of Chinese languages, those in Flushing tend to speak Mandarin as their primary language while those in Chinatown tend to speak Cantonese or Fuzhounese as their primary language. This is most likely because _______

[14] Which choice most logically completes the text?