homologous chromosomes

What gets separated in meiosis 1

Separated sisters chromatids

What gets separated in meiosis II

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1,

What are the main phases of meiosis I?

Process in eukaryotic cell division

Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad

What happens during prophase I?

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

What happens during metaphase I?

The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell

What happens during anaphase I?

A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes

What happens during telophase I?

What happens during cytokinesis?

What are the main phases of meiosis II?

DNA from 2 haploid cells condense

What happens during prophase II?

chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

What happens during metaphase II?

The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Alleles segregate.

What happens during anaphase II?

What is the result of Meiosis I?

What is the result of Meiosis II?

Independent Assortment, Crossing over, Random Fertilization

What are 3 mechanisms that can occur during sexual reproduction?

This occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes line up randomly at the metaphase plate, leading to different combinations of chromosomes in gametes.

Describe the mechanism of independent assortment

During meiosis, this involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. This creates new combinations of alleles on a chromosome, contributing further to genetic diversity.

Describe the mechanism of crossing over.

This refers to the chance nature of which sperm fertilizes which egg during sexual reproduction. With millions of sperm and eggs, the combination that leads to fertilization is essentially random,

Describe the mechanism of random Fertilization .

Your offspring only gets half of your genes

What is the reproductive cost of meiosis?

Meiosis & Chromosomes

Chromosomes and Meiosis Vocabulary

Allele variation of a specific gene Artificial Insemination (AI) collecting and preserving semen from sires and using artificial means to introduce it to the dam’s reproductive tract Body Cells make up the organs and tissue of an animal and have chromosomes in pairs, called diploids Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) gene editing technology Codominance heterozygous individual expresses the phenotype of both alleles simultaneously Complete Dominance heterozygous gene pair is expressed the same as a homozygous dominant gene pair Crossbreeding sire from one breed and a dam from another, with each breed excelling in a certain characteristic to benefit the producer and the offspring Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) stores genetic information and acts as a blueprint for all genetic material in the organism in two strands arranged in a double helix Dominant Alleles represent a dominant phenotype and are expressed as uppercase letters Embryo Transfer eggs are collected from a desirable female, fertilized and then implanted in several other females Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs) measure of the heritability of breeding values and traits Gametes fulfill the purpose of sexual reproduction, passing on half of the genetic code in the form of sperm and ovum and are also called haploids or sex cells Genotype organism's genetic composition, which determines its heredity potential and limitations Grading Up using a purebred sire to breed grade (unregistered or commercial) females Heritability degree to which offspring resemble their parent for a particular trait Heterosis (Hybrid Vigor) ability of crossbred animals to have the best traits from each parent Heterozygosity phenomenon of inheriting a different version of an allele from each biological parent Homozygosity phenomenon of inheriting the same version of an allele from each biological parent Inbreeding breeding of closely related animals with the goal of concentrating traits from a superior individual Incomplete Dominance dominant allele does not completely overcome the recessive Law of Dominance states genes will express themselves with the dominant gene appearing in the phenotype Law of Independent Assortment states unlinked or distantly linked gene pairs separate independently of other genes Law of Segregation states paired genes must segregate equally into gametes in a way so offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor Locus place on a chromosome where a gene is found Meiosis process of cellular reproduction of gametes and results in four genetically different daughter cells Mitosis process of cellular reproduction of body cells which creates two genetically identical daughter cells Outcrossing breeding highly unrelated individuals within a breed Phenotype all the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genotype with its environment Polygenic Traits controlled by many gene pairs Punnett Square graphical representation of the possible genotypes of an offspring arising from a particular breeding, using letters to represent the genes Recessive Alleles non-dominant phenotypes which can still affect the appearance of an animal, but not as commonly, and are expressed as lowercase letters Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) replicates genetic information found in DNA to build proteins in processes known as transcription and translation Simply Inherited Traits typically controlled by one gene pair

Meiosis

110.31.b.17.C

Topic: Reading/Vocabulary Development

STAAR English II High School 2014 - Past Paper

110.31.b.1.B

STAAR English I High School 2017 - Past Paper

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