In most cases, complex ___ processing occurs to make actions adaptive and appropriate for the particular situation.

Which concept of motor control says that the motor system is divided into a number of different areas that control different aspect of movement (divide and conquer)?

Which concept of motor control says that higher order areas concern themselves with more global tasks and individual muscles are controlled by lower level muscles?

Order the levels of the hierarchy (low to high level).

Match the following and their functions in the hierarchy.

What type of motor neurons are in the ventral horn and innervate skeletal muscles?

Motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles are located ____ to motor neurons that innervate extensor muscles.

Motor neurons that innervate distal muscles are located ____ to motor neurons that innervate proximal muscles.

Which type of fibers have slow ATPase activity, are small, have the longest contraction duration, is most used especially for posture, uses oxidative/aerobic metabolism, and has numerous mitochondria?

Which type of fibers have fast ATPase activity, are medium size, have short contraction duration, is used for standing/walking, uses glycolytic but becomes more oxidative with endurance training, and has moderate mitochondria?

Which type of fibers have fast ATPase activity, are large, have a short contraction duration, is used for jumping/quick movements, uses glycolytic metabolism, and has few mitochondria?

Match the following.

Order the following in terms of recruitment (early to late).

Match the inputs to the alpha motor neurons and their function.

Which of the following is part of the midbrain and helps with rhythmic movements from the CPG?

Where are the receptors responsible for proprioception located?

Which of the following fibers are part of Group II afferents?

When the CNS instructs a muscle to contract and sends signals to the motor neurons as well as the intrafusal fibers of spindles is referred to as

Which of the following provides information about the force of contraction?

What are the components of a reflex arc?

What is the order of the reverse myotatic reflex?

What is the principal pathway mediating voluntary movement?

Which of the following is activated when the activity is not well-known?

Which of the following performs more complex, task-related processing?

Where are mirror neurons located?

Which of the following does bilateral movements?

Which of the following is activated in random movements of the hand without prior planning and in no particular order?

Which of the following is activated when the subject is asked to make movements with several fingers of the same hand in a specific sequence?

Which of the following is activated when someone is asked to mentally rehearse a specific sequence of finger movements without actually moving the fingers?

Which of the following is affected by polio?

Which of the following are considered side loops in motor control?

Match the following sx of PD with their description.

Degeneration of ___ pathway neurons in the striatum causes dyskinesias.

Which of the following are functions of the cerebellum?

Which of the following is important in control of ongoing movements and compares intention to actual movements?

Which of the following is responsible for motor planning and coordination of the body's rapid sequential muscular activities?

Which of the following is responsible for balance and eye movements?

The cerebellum causes deficits on the ____ side of the body.

Which of the following are associated with damage to the cerebellum?

Which of the following allows muscles to remain taut and signal the muscle length at all times?

The __ pole of golgi tendon organs is anchored in collagen fibers and the __ pole is attached to the intrafusal fibers.

Where are APs generated by golgi tendon organs?

Which of the following originates in the brainstem or cerebral cortex?

A 42 yo M presents with weakness and hyperreflexia of the right leg and positive Babinski on the right with no disturbance of position sense or coordination. What is the most likely location of the injury?

The cortex sends ___ input to the striatum of the BG.

Output from the GP interna is tonic __ stimulus to the VLN of the thalamus.

The direct pathway in the BG __ the motor cortex and the indirect pathway of the BG __ the motor cortex.

The cyclical flexion and extension movements of a leg which produced during walking are encoded at which level of the nervous system?

Recruitment of additional motor units in skeletal muscle will produce which of the following effects?

Which type of muscle fibers a 32 yo marathon runner is most likely to use during a 26 mile run?

A corticospinal neuron in primary motor cortex can do all of the following except

Concurrent flexion in both of the wrists in response to electrical stimulation is characteristic of which of the following areas of the nervous system?

A healthy 17 yo M tells his doctor during a normal check up visit that "his muscles gave out" after attempting to lift a heavy load. He did not experience any other neuromuscular episodes after this episode, What is the most likely mechanism responsible for abrupt cessation of skeletal muscle contraction?

Which of the following pathological changes are likely to cause dyskinesias

A 25 yo M is hospitalized following a motorcycle accident where he was not wearing a helmet. He remains unconscious in critical condition in the ICU for several weeks, but eventually regains consciousness. He is able to move all of his muscles groups with full strength when testing them individually and can voluntarily make simple movements with no problem but not complex movements. Which area is most likely damaged?