Minutiae are small, precise, or minor details that are often considered less important but can be crucial in certain situations, such as in forensic science or detailed analysis.

In an experiment, the group in which the conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences that were not accounted for when the procedure was created.

The clumping together of particles, such as red blood cells, in the presence of specific antibodies. This process is often used in blood typing to determine compatibility for transfusions or in identifying pathogens.

A substance, such as a protein or molecule, that triggers an immune response in the body. When an antigen enters the body, it is recognized as foreign, and the immune system produces antibodies to fight it.

In an experiment, the group that the researcher expects to have a positive result, to show that the experimental setup was capable of producing results.

A system of four types (A, AB, B, and O) which human blood is classified into, based on the presence or absence of certain antigens.

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the rest of the body. It also helps transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled.

Plasma is the liquid portion of blood that carries nutrients, hormones, waste products, and proteins. It makes up the majority of the blood's volume.

Platelets are small, cell-like fragments in the blood that help to form clots and stop bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.

White blood cells are the part of blood responsible for defending the body against infections, diseases, and foreign substances. They are an essential part of the immune system.

Red blood cells are the components of blood that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. They contain hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen.

A protein produced by B cells in the blood; works to impair pathogens. Also called an immunoglobulin.

The most common presumptive blood test. This test uses a compound known as phenolphthalein, which reacts with the iron carried by hemoglobin.

A test used to quickly determine if a substance (e.g., blood) may be present. Typically gives a positive or negative result.

A test used to conclusively prove the identity of a substance, often provides specific qualities/quantities.

the intermediate layer of hair; home to the pigment-containing granules responsible for hair color and contains many of the characteristics used in the microscopic analysis of hair

the outermost layer of the hair; It consists of flattened, scale-like cells which overlap one another

the innermost layer of hair; this layer may be continuous, discontinuous, fragmentary, or even absent.

Whenever two objects come into contact, they exchange materials. Explains material transfer during contact. Crucial for forensic investigations. Helps link suspects to crime scenes