Question 1

What is the primary characteristic of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled growth and division of cells

Answer

Controlled cell division

Answer

Regulated DNA repair

Answer

Programmed cell death

Question 2

Which process describes a malignant tumor spreading to other parts of the body?

Accepted Answer

Metastasis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Homeostasis

Answer

Amplification

Question 3

What usually happens to healthy cells with significant DNA damage?

Accepted Answer

They undergo programmed cell death

Answer

They divide faster

Answer

They form a benign tumor

Answer

They become stem cells

Question 4

What is the main difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?

Accepted Answer

Malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues

Answer

Malignant tumors are noncancerous

Answer

Benign tumors spread via blood

Answer

Benign tumors are cancerous

Question 5

What is the primary goal of cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

To stop uncontrolled growth or remove the tumor

Answer

To promote cell survival

Answer

To increase DNA mutations

Answer

To convert malignant cells to benign cells

Question 6

Why can targeted therapy be more effective than traditional chemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

It focuses precisely on specific proteins or genes

Answer

It affects both healthy and cancer cells

Answer

It only works on benign tumors

Answer

It uses higher doses of radiation

Question 7

Which factor is NOT typically considered by clinicians when choosing a breast cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Eye color

Answer

Patient age

Answer

Menopausal status

Answer

Tumor size

Question 8

Which drug is specifically used to interfere with hormone signaling in breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Tamoxifen

Answer

Herceptin

Answer

Pertuzumab

Answer

Trastuzumab

Question 9

What is the specific target of drugs like Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab?

Accepted Answer

HER2 signaling

Answer

F-actin

Answer

Estrogen receptors

Answer

The cell nucleus

Question 10

Where is the HER2 protein located in a cell?

Accepted Answer

On the cell surface

Answer

Within the mitochondria

Answer

In the cytoplasm only

Answer

Inside the nucleus

Question 11

What role does HER2 play in normal cell function?

Accepted Answer

It regulates cell growth and survival

Answer

It stores genetic information

Answer

It repairs damaged DNA

Answer

It triggers cell death

Question 12

Why is HER2 classified as a proto-oncogene?

Accepted Answer

It can become an oncogene if mutated or overexpressed

Answer

It causes cancer in its normal state

Answer

It is only found in cancer cells

Answer

It prevents all cell division

Question 13

How many copies of the HER2 gene are normally found in a healthy cell?

Accepted Answer

Two

Answer

Twenty

Answer

Six

Answer

One

Question 14

What does HER2 gene amplification refer to?

Accepted Answer

An increase in the number of gene copies

Answer

The death of the gene

Answer

A decrease in protein production

Answer

The movement of the gene to a new chromosome

Question 15

What is the typical range of HER2 gene copies in HER2-positive breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

6 to more than 20

Answer

Exactly 100

Answer

0 to 1

Answer

2 to 4

Question 16

On which chromosome is the HER2 gene located?

Accepted Answer

Chromosome 17

Answer

Chromosome 1

Answer

Chromosome 21

Answer

Chromosome 7

Question 17

What is a likely result of HER2 protein overexpression?

Accepted Answer

Excessive signaling for cell growth

Answer

Stabilization of the cell cycle

Answer

Lack of response to growth factors

Answer

Immediate cell death

Question 18

Which characteristic describes HER2-positive cancers compared to HER2-negative ones?

Accepted Answer

They are more likely to recur

Answer

They have a better prognosis

Answer

They are less aggressive

Answer

They grow more slowly

Question 19

How does estrogen enter a cell to bind with its receptor?

Accepted Answer

It diffuses across the lipid-based membrane

Answer

Through active transport

Answer

It cannot enter the cell

Answer

It uses a protein channel

Question 20

In ER+ breast cancer, where are some of the estrogen receptors found?

Accepted Answer

On the cell surface

Answer

In the cell wall

Answer

Only in the mitochondria

Answer

Only in the ribosomes

Question 21

Which type of biopsy uses a thin needle to withdraw fluid or tissue?

Accepted Answer

Fine needle aspiration

Answer

Surgical biopsy

Answer

Excisional biopsy

Answer

Core needle biopsy

Question 22

In the MiniLab, what does red fluorescence indicate?

Accepted Answer

The presence of G protein-coupled estrogen receptors

Answer

The structure of the nucleus

Answer

A negative result for cancer

Answer

The presence of DNA

Question 23

What is the purpose of the reference gene in the PCR reaction?

Accepted Answer

To serve as an internal control with two known copies

Answer

To cause the HER2 gene to mutate

Answer

To identify the patient's age

Answer

To make the HER2 band brighter

Question 24

What does it mean if the HER2 band is brighter than the reference band in the gel?

Accepted Answer

The patient has HER2 gene amplification

Answer

The PCR reaction failed

Answer

The reference gene is mutated

Answer

The patient is HER2-negative

Question 25

What volume of DNA sample is aliquoted for each patient?

Accepted Answer

10 microliters

Answer

2 microliters

Answer

50 microliters

Answer

100 microliters

Question 26

What is loaded into Lane 1 of the electrophoresis gel?

Accepted Answer

PCR Marker

Answer

Positive Control

Answer

Negative Control

Answer

Patient Sample A

Question 27

How long is the electrophoresis system run for?

Accepted Answer

25 minutes

Answer

60 minutes

Answer

5 minutes

Answer

15 minutes

Question 28

What is the recommended treatment for a patient diagnosed as ER-positive?

Accepted Answer

Tamoxifen

Answer

Herceptin

Answer

Surgery only

Answer

Radiation only

Question 29

What is the recommended treatment for a patient diagnosed as HER2-positive?

Accepted Answer

Herceptin (Trastuzumab)

Answer

Tamoxifen

Answer

Hormone therapy

Answer

No treatment

Question 30

Why is personalized medicine necessary for breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Cancer varies between individuals and characteristics

Answer

To save money on diagnostic tests

Answer

All breast cancers are identical

Answer

Because tumors never spread

Question 31

Which tool is used to visualize DNA bands after electrophoresis?

Accepted Answer

A high-intensity blue light and photo hood

Answer

A microscope

Answer

An X-ray machine

Answer

A standard flashlight

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