The process in which a cell divides its nucleus and contents, resulting in two identical nuclei.

The genetic constitution of an individual, often represented as a combination of alleles.

A type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences.

The physical structures in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that contain genes and genetic information.

The process by which the information in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically a protein.

The process of creating a complementary RNA strand from a DNA template, which is the first step in gene expression.

A molecule that carries the genetic blueprint for an organism and is composed of two strands forming a double helix.