Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These laws made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain based on the notion that the King of England had violated their natural rights and broken the social contract binding citizens to their government.

Author of the Declaration of Independence

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

The top two classes of French society under the "Old Regime;" Consisting of the FIRST ESTATE: Leadership of the Catholic Church and the SECOND ESTATE: Nobles; These two classes controlled French society and were exempt from most property taxes.

The bottom class that made up 97% of the population of France; consisting of the middle class, the urban poor, and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges

King and Queen of France during the French Revolution; The king was a weak leader and the queen was wasteful with the country's money. Both were beheaded by guillotine after the success of the revolution.

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison; stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

caused by peasant uprisings, manors of nobles were attacked, records destroyed, many nobles fled to other countries where they became counter-revolutionaries

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror.

French government established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility; sought to create a "republic of virtue;" his execution ended the Reign of Terror.

the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for disloyalty/rebellion

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Grand army invades Russia but the Russian generals had stripped countryside of supplies; land is too devastated/vast to conquer

This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.

a system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe; aimed at preventing revolutions