Reproduction of cells

The life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells

The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences

A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules.

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

All body cells except the reproductive cells in a sexually reproducing organism

The reproductive cells of a sexually reproducing organism

A pair of chromosomes that are the same size and has the same genes.

A complete set of chromosomes (2 of each)

Half a set of chromosomes (1 of each), half the diploid number.

Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and , sometime, along the arms.

In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome

A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, Chromosome number is conserved by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II

The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis

The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase; accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated

The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact

The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.

The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell

The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles

A radial array of short microtubules that extends for each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis

A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle

An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.

The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane

A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle

A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly

The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.

A gene that stops the cell cycle in response to damage