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Q 1/175
Score 0
what is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?
30
high freq = short wave, low freq = long wave
Q 2/175
Score 0
what is the difference between hard and soft radiation?
30
X-rays with high photon energies & short wavelengths are called hard X-rays, while those with lower energy (and longer wavelength) are called soft X-rays
175 questions
Q.
what is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?
1
30 sec
Q.
what is the difference between hard and soft radiation?
2
30 sec
Q.
what is the purpose of the glass x-ray tube inside the tubehead?
3
30 sec
Q.
what parts of the x-ray tubehead are associated with mA? kVp?
4
30 sec
Q.
what is a step-up transformer? a step-down transformer?
5
30 sec
Q.
what does the auto transformer in the x-ray machine do? (maybe not important idk)
6
30 sec
Q.
how does mA and kVp affect a radiograph?
7
30 sec
Q.
why is the tungsten target in the x-ray machine made of tungsten?
8
30 sec
Q.
how do filtration & exposure time affect a radiograph?
9
30 sec
Q.
what effect does changing mA or kVp have on HVL?
10
30 sec
Q.
what is leakage radiation?
11
30 sec
Q.
what does LD50/30 mean?
12
30 sec
Q.
what are the sources and magnitude of background radiation?
13
30 sec
Q.
how is patient radiation exposure changed with film vs non-film mediums?
14
30 sec
Q.
what is H2O2?
15
30 sec
Q.
what is the definition of an x-ray?
16
30 sec
Q.
what is the definition of a photon?
17
30 sec
Q.
what is the definition of ionization?
18
30 sec
Q.
what is the definition of thermionic emission?
19
30 sec
Q.
what is the definition of excitation?
20
30 sec
Q.
what are the 10 properties of an x-ray?
21
30 sec
Q.
what is the appearance of an x-ray?
22
30 sec
Q.
what is the mass of an x-ray?
23
30 sec
Q.
what is the charge of an x-ray?
24
30 sec
Q.
what is the wavelength of an x-ray?
25
30 sec
Q.
what is the path of travel of an x-ray?
26
30 sec
Q.
what is the penetrating power of an x-ray?
27
30 sec
Q.
what is the absorption of an x-ray?
28
30 sec
Q.
what is the speed of an x-ray?
29
30 sec
Q.
what is the focusing capability of an x-ray?
30
30 sec
Q.
what is the ionization capability of an x-ray?
31
30 sec
Q.
on a basic level, how is an x-ray produced?
32
30 sec
Q.
can x-rays affect photographic emulsion or sensors?
33
30 sec
Q.
what effects can x-rays have on human tissues?
34
30 sec
Q.
what is electromagnetic radiation?
35
30 sec
Q.
what is the electromagnetic spectrum?
36
30 sec
Q.
are more or less energy rays produced with microwaves compared to x-rays?
37
30 sec
Q.
what is the difference between how x-rays and gamma rays work?
38
30 sec
Q.
what type of electromagnetic radiation do cobalt and cesium (on periodic table) emit?
39
30 sec
Q.
what is the definition of a wavelength?
40
30 sec
Q.
what unit are wavelengths measured in?
41
30 sec
Q.
what is the definition of frequency?
42
30 sec
Q.
what is the wavelength of a low frequency x-ray? what is its energy level?
43
30 sec
Q.
what is the velocity of an x-ray?
44
30 sec
Q.
what is the difference between light waves and x-ray waves in terms of penetration?
45
30 sec
Q.
what are the 3 main properties of radiation?
46
30 sec
Q.
what controls the quality of radiation and what is a good range?
47
30 sec
Q.
what controls the quantity of radiation and how is it measured?
48
30 sec
Q.
what is attenuation of radiation?
49
30 sec
Q.
does a shorter or longer wavelength provide more energy?
50
30 sec
Q.
what does HVL stand for? what is it?
51
30 sec
Q.
what is meant by an HVL of 3mm?
52
30 sec
Q.
what is the purpose of the filter in the x-ray machine/tubehead?
53
30 sec
Q.
what HVL thickness is needed for less than 70kVp? how about for more than 70kVp?
54
30 sec
Q.
what are the two types of filtration?
55
30 sec
Q.
what is inherit filtration?
56
30 sec
Q.
what is added filtration?
57
30 sec
Q.
what is collimation/what does it do?
58
30 sec
Q.
what are the 2 common collimation shapes?
59
30 sec
Q.
how does the tube head prevent x-rays from escaping in all directions?
60
30 sec
Q.
what are the negative and positive sides of the x-ray tube called?
61
30 sec
Q.
what is in the cathode (-) side of the x-ray tube?
62
30 sec
Q.
what does the tungsten filament do in the cathode side?
63
30 sec
Q.
what does the focusing cup in the cathode side do?
64
30 sec
Q.
what IS the focusing cup on the cathode side?
65
30 sec
Q.
what is on the anode (+) side of the x-ray tube?
66
30 sec
Q.
what does the tungsten target do on the anode side?
67
30 sec
Q.
what does the copper stem on the anode side do?
68
30 sec
Q.
what does the filament circuit of the x-ray machine do?
69
30 sec
Q.
what side of the x-ray tube do electron interactions start & end?
70
30 sec
Q.
what is the main side effect caused by the radiation HEAT from x-ray ionization?
71
30 sec
Q.
what are the 2 types of electrical currents?
72
30 sec
Q.
what word means to convert AC to DC?
73
30 sec
Q.
how does AC work?
74
30 sec
Q.
how does DC work? **
75
30 sec
Q.
what are the 2 types of x-rays produced? **
76
30 sec
Q.
what is general/Brem's radiation?
77
30 sec
Q.
what percent of x-ray energy produced at anode side (with tungsten target) is made by general/Brem's radiation?
78
30 sec
Q.
what percent of ALL interactions are ACTUALLY producing x-rays from the tubehead? ** ***KNOW (TEST)
79
30 sec
Q.
what is form of energy is produced when an electron goes near a tungsten atom nucleus but DOES NOT hit?
80
30 sec
Q.
where do characteristic and general/Brem's radiation occur?
81
30 sec
Q.
what is characteristic radiation?
82
30 sec
Q.
does characteristic radiation produce a large or small amount of the total x-rays produced?
83
30 sec
Q.
characteristic radiation tends to happen more at what level of kVp?
84
30 sec
Q.
what is the definition of primary radiation?
85
30 sec
Q.
what is secondary radiation?
86
30 sec
Q.
what is scatter radiation?
87
30 sec
Q.
will a low energy x-ray photon be absorbed or will it bounce? how about a high energy one?
88
30 sec
Q.
what are the 4 interactions of x-radiation?
89
30 sec
Q.
where doe the 4 interactions of x-radiation (no, photoeletric, compton, coherent) happen?
90
30 sec
Q.
what happens when there is no interaction with x-radiation?
91
30 sec
Q.
what happens during the photoelectric effect?
92
30 sec
Q.
how often do each of these occur %: photoelectric effect, compton scatter, & coherent scatter?
93
30 sec
Q.
what happens during Compton scatter?
94
30 sec
Q.
what is the most common x-radiation interaction to occur, of the 4? ** ***KNOW (TEST)
95
30 sec
Q.
what orbits (inner/outer) are affected in Compton Scatter?
96
30 sec
Q.
what happens in coherent scatter?
97
30 sec
Q.
of the 4 interactions of x-radiation, which DO NOT produce scatter?
98
30 sec
Q.
what is the difference between x-rays and gamma radiation?
99
30 sec
Q.
what is a Roentgen (R)?
100
30 sec
Q.
what is a Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)?
101
30 sec
Q.
what is a Roentgen Equivalent in Man (REM)?
102
30 sec
Q.
1,000mRAD = how many RAD?
103
30 sec
Q.
1 RAD = how many REM?
104
30 sec
Q.
what are the traditional radiation measurements?
105
30 sec
Q.
what are the SI Systems of radiation measurements?
106
30 sec
Q.
1Sv = how many mSv?
107
30 sec
Q.
1E (Exposure Unit) = how many R (Roentgen)
108
30 sec
Q.
1Gy = how many RAD?
109
30 sec
Q.
1Sv = how many REM?
110
30 sec
Q.
knowing that 1RAD = 1REM, 100RAM = 1Gy, & 100REM = 1Sv... how many Sv is in 1Gy?
111
30 sec
Q.
what is an easy ish way to remember what traditional measurement unit matches the SI unit?
112
30 sec
Q.
what is a mSv?
113
30 sec
Q.
do all radiation exposures induce tissue damage?
114
30 sec
Q.
what is the Inverse Square Law?
115
30 sec
Q.
what is the Inverse Square Law equation for Intensity VS Distance?
116
30 sec
Q.
if the patient is exposed to 3mSv at 1ft, what mSv will they be exposed to at 3ft?
117
30 sec
Q.
what is the Inverse Square Law Equation for Time VS Distance?
118
30 sec
Q.
if a patient is exposed for 2 seconds at 1ft, how many seconds will they need to be exposed from 2ft?
119
30 sec
Q.
what is the definition of dose?
120
30 sec
Q.
what is the definition of maximum permissible dose (MPD)?
121
30 sec
Q.
What is the MPD for an occupationally exposed person?
122
30 sec
Q.
what is the MPD for a non-occupationally exposed person/general public?
123
30 sec
Q.
is the MPD does different when pregnant?
124
30 sec
Q.
what is ALARA?
125
30 sec
Q.
what is the Latent Period?
126
30 sec
Q.
what is RPG?
127
30 sec
Q.
what does it mean that x-rays are a form of ionizing radiation?
128
30 sec
Q.
if chemical changes from x-rays don't alter the patient's molecules, will the effect of x-ray ionization be large or little?
129
30 sec
Q.
what are the 2 ways ionizing radiation can damage biological tissues?
130
30 sec
Q.
how could an x-ray photon cause water in the body to ionize into H2O2?
131
30 sec
Q.
how does ionizing radiation directly affect biological tissues?
132
30 sec
Q.
do x-ray photons usually directly hit parts of the cell or do they usually pass through cells without touching?
133
30 sec
Q.
how does ionizing radiation indirectly affect biological tissues?
134
30 sec
Q.
what is the dose response curve?
135
30 sec
Q.
what is the definition of dose?
136
30 sec
Q.
is there a safe dose for a linear dose response?
137
30 sec
Q.
what types of x-rays can cause cancer or other effects? ** ***(TEST)
138
30 sec
Q.
what are the 4 different ways radiation can affect biological tissue/patients?
139
30 sec
Q.
what are short term radiation effects?
140
30 sec
Q.
what are long term radiation effects?
141
30 sec
Q.
are the reproductive cells of men or women more prone to radiation damage? why?
142
30 sec
Q.
what are somatic radiation effects?
143
30 sec
Q.
what are genetic radiation effects?
144
30 sec
Q.
what are the 3 ways radiation can affect chromosomes?
145
30 sec
Q.
is a thyroid collar more important on kids or adults? why?
146
30 sec
Q.
what tissues have more sensitive radiation effects on cells?
147
30 sec
Q.
what is the most sensitive cell to radiation effects?
148
30 sec
Q.
what are the cells with high/more sensitivity to radiation?
149
30 sec
Q.
what are the cells with less/low sensitivity to radiation?
150
30 sec
Q.
what tissues & organs have HIGH sensitivity to radiation?
151
30 sec
Q.
what tissues & organs have LOW sensitivity to radiation?
152
30 sec
Q.
what are radiation caries and what causes them? ** ***(TEST)
153
30 sec
Q.
are radiation caries caused by radiation? why? ** ***(TEST)
154
30 sec
Q.
when a person gets radiation therapy for tongue cancer, what glands get in the way and cause future issues?** ***(TEST)
155
30 sec
Q.
what tissues are radiosensitive?
156
30 sec
Q.
what tissues are radioresistant?
157
30 sec
Q.
what tissues are critical in dentistry for radiation?
158
30 sec
Q.
what is the cumulative dose?
159
30 sec
Q.
what is the cumulative effect?
160
30 sec
Q.
what range of R is considered Low Dose Radiation?
161
30 sec
Q.
what are some effects of Low Dose Radiation on cells?
162
30 sec
Q.
what is the body's biggest defense against microbes and damage?
163
30 sec
Q.
what are some effects of High Dose Radiation?
164
30 sec
Q.
what is acute radiation syndrome?
165
30 sec
Q.
what is the RAD amount for oral cancer therapy and what are its effects?
166
30 sec
Q.
background radiation in 9 months is equal to how many mREM?
167
30 sec
Q.
FMX dose WITHOUT protective apron is how many mREM?
168
30 sec
Q.
FMX with digital sensor and round cone is equal to how many days background radiation?
169
30 sec
Q.
4 BWs are equal to how many hours background radiation?
170
30 sec
Q.
how does elevation affect background radiation levels received?
171
30 sec
Q.
how many R does it take for males & females to be sterile?**
172
30 sec
Q.
how many RAD does it take to cause erythema over 14 days like with cancer therapy?**
173
30 sec
Q.
wearing protective aprons reduced rad exposure by what percent?**
174
30 sec
Q.
do rectangular or round collimations result in less radiation exposure?
