“...But after a long period of commercial intercourse [trade], there appear among the crowd of barbarians both good persons and bad, unevenly. Consequently there are those who smuggle opium to seduce the Chinese people and so cause the spread of the poison to all provinces. Such persons, who only care to profit themselves, and disregard their harm to others, are not tolerated by the laws of heaven and are unanimously hated by human beings. His Majesty the Emperor, upon hearing this, is in a towering rage. He has especially sent me, his commissioner, to come to Kwangtung [Guangdong Province], and together with the governor-general and governor jointly to investigate and settle this matter…” -Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria, from Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-Hsu), Chinese Commissioner of Canton, 1839 This letter to Queen Victoria relates most directly to the outbreak of the

Base your answer to following question on the statements below and on your knowledge of social studies. Statement 1: “This organization is created for the purpose of realizing the national ideal: the union of all Serbs.”-Bylaws of the Black Hand Statement 2: “...people..would think themselves happier even under their bad government than they might be under good government of a foreign power.”-Mohandas Gandhi, adapted from Indian Opinion, 1905 “...above all, we want Germany to be considered one land and the German people one people.” -Heinrich von Gagern, The Call for German Unity Statement 4: “We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule. We agree that we must put aside all petty differences in order to gain this most important goal. We wish to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but also because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development.” -Count Camillo di Cavour, 1810-1861 The foreign power referred to in Statement 2 is

“Indian National Congress Refuses To Support British War Effort” “Indians Answer Call for the Production of Homespun Cloth” “Indians Call for Boycott of Imported British Cloth” These three headlines all refer to

Use the following information to answer the question. My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time...Go home and get a nice quiet sleep. -Neville Chamberlain, April 30,1938 (following his return from the Munich Conference) The statement reflects the British belief that which of the following policies would prevent another war?

Particular obstructive workers who refuse to submit to disciplinary measures will be subject, as non-workers, to discharge and confinement in concentration camps. -Vladimir Lenin, Decree of November 14th, 1919 The excerpt above describes Lenin’s method for dealing with those who opposed

From the Constitution of Japan We, the Japanese people, acting through our duly elected representatives in the National Diet, determined that we shall secure for ourselves and our posterity the fruits of peaceful cooperation with all nations and the blessings of liberty throughout this land… Which of these is a source for the ideas outlined in the Japanese Constitution?

How is laissez-faire economics more productive than an economy controlled by a government?

Which shared purpose explains the operations of the groups in the regions below? Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Israel. Chechen rebels in Russia Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the United Kingdom

Terrorism [takes] us back to ages we thought were long gone if we allow it a free hand to corrupt democratic societies and destroy the basic rules of international life. Jacques Chirac But for all these problems [a terrorist’s] only solution is the demolition of the whole structure of society. No partial solution, not even the total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him-until our social system is destroyed or delivered into his hands. Benjamin Netanyahu According to the quotes, how have terrorist groups and their movements impacted society in various countries?

Twentieth-Century International Developments Berlin Blockade (1948) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Brezhnev Doctrine (1968) How did the developments above affect international politics?

How did Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of Glasnost and Perestroika affect the Soviet Union?

How did British taxes on salt contributed to the growth of Indian Nationalism?

History of Slavery in Brazil 1819: Slaves were one-third of the population. 1825: Slaves were over one-half of the population. 1888: Slavery ended; however, this freedom did not come with a change in occupation for the former slaves. Slavery existed in Brazil until 1888. Which is a likely effect of the history of slavery in Brazil?

Germany, a European nation, has a legal system based on secular (non religious) law. Iran, a Middle Eastern country, has a legal system that mixes secular and religious laws. Which statement compares the legal systems of Germany and Iran?

Can we doubt (remembering that many more individuals are born than can possibly survive) that individuals having any advantage, however slight, over others, would have the best chance of surviving and of [reproducing] their kind?...This preservation of favourable variations and the rejection of injurious variations, I call Natural Selection. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, 1859 Based on the excerpt, how might a social Darwinist explain societal divisions?

From 1803 to 1815, Britain and France were at war with each other. Wars can bring economic opportunities; and American merchants hoped to sell goods to both sides. Neither Britain nor France wanted American goods to reach its enemy, so both sides imposed blockades and restrictions on neutral trade. Because Britain had the larger navy, British restrictions were most crippling to U.S. shipping. British ships stopped American vessels, boarded them, seized contraband, and impressed sailors. American objections were ignored, leading to a U.S. declaration of war in 1812. Which conclusion can be drawn about the War of 1812?

International Violence Before WWII Japan invades Manchuria: 1931 Italy invades Ethiopia: 1935 Japan invades China: 1937 Germany annexes Czechoslovakia: 1939 Germany invades Poland: 1939 Using the information provided in the timeline above, which historical conclusion can be drawn about the cause of World War II?

Timeline of Japan from 1850 to 1910 1853: Commodore Perry of the United States ends Japanese isolation. 1868: Meiji Restoration 1870s: Japanese government develops manufacturing and railroad industries 1872: Western dress enforced for government ceremonies 1905: Japan wins the Russo-Japanese War 1910: Japan annexes Korea What conclusion about Japan is supported by the timeline above?

Which was an environmental effect of the process of early industrialization?

In January of 1917, British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, von Eckhardt, offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause. This message helped draw the United States into war and thus changed the course of history. The telegram had such an impact on American opinion that, according to David Kahn, author of The Codebreakers, “No other single cryptanalysis has had such enormous consequences.” Excerpt from “The Zimmermann Telegram” by Mary Alexander and Marilyn Childress from Social Education, April 1981. Used by permission of the National Council for the Social Studies. Based on the excerpt, what was the role of the Zimmermann telegram in World War I?

Over the past five years, a highly sophisticated team of operatives have stealthily infiltrated more than 70 U.S. corporations and organizations to steal priceless company secrets. They did it without ever setting food in any victims office… This is the new face of corporate espionage. Thieves whose identities are safely obscured by digital trade-craft rather than a ski mask, are robbing companies of the ideas that are the source of American ingenuity...though this new corporate espionage is rampant and rising, calculating the damage to U.S. interests remains difficult… In the aggregate, the theft of this property, including everything from sensitive defense technology to innovative industrial designs, insidiously erodes government and corporate competitive advantages among global peers….U.S. companies invest considerable time and money in researching and developing new product, only to be undercut by competition, using thier stolen property to make cheaper versions. Unfortunately, companies experience such losses every day...Yet many cyber-intrusions could be prevented by implementing sound cyber-security practices. U.S. Commerce Secretary John Bryson, The New Face of Corporate Espionage, March 9, 2012 Using this information, what role does cyberespionage play in global trading?

The Indian nationalist, Mahatma Gandhi, advocated the swadeshi movement as a protest against British rule in India in the first half the twentieth century. The movement stressed the manufacture of Indian goods at home, especially homespun cloth, as opposed to buying British manufactured goods. Why did Indians decide to use this strategy?

[The rich] are led by an invisible hand to make nearly the same distribution of necessaries of life, which would have been made, had the earth been divided into equal portions among all its inhabitants, and thus without intending it, without knowing it, advance the interest of the society, and afford means to the multiplication of the species. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759 How does Smith’s idea of the “invisible hand” of capitalism compare to modern day government interventions such as the U.S. led Marshall Plan or the social-democratic governments of Western Europe?

We, Wilhelm, by the grace of God King of Prussia, do herewith declare that we have considered it a duty to our common fatherland to answer the summons of the united German princes and cities and to accept the German imperial title. In consequence, we and our successors in the throne of Prussia will henceforth bear the imperial title in all our relations and in all the business of the German Empire and we hope to God that the German nation will be granted the ability to fashion a propitious future for the fatherland under the symbol of its ancient glory. Kaiser Wilhelm I, The Imperial Proclamation, January 1871 Internet History Sourcebooks Project, www. fordham.edu/halsall What ideology is present in the proclamation of Wilhelm I?