In 711 CE, the Moors invaded Spain and established Islamic rule. During this period, philosophy, mathematics flourished in the nation. For instance, Ibn Zuhr, a physician and surgeon, tested medical procedures on animals before using them on humans. His work was translated into Latin and Hebrew and had a significant impact on the medical field. Spain remained closely connected to Baghdad for 200 years before becoming independent. Spain was one of the wealthiest areas of Europe during the period of Moorish rule. Based on the above passage, how did the Moorish invasion of spain affect civilization in the region?

Trade routes linking West Africa and North Africa required the shipment of goods across the hot, dry Sahara Desert. It was difficult for the traders to carry these goods along these trade routes. Domesticated camels were brought to the Sahara. The camels could go for long stretches without drinking, survive extreme temperatures, and haul heavy loads. How did the camels affect the transport of goods across the Sahara Desert?

The Roman Forum Roman Forum located at the center of Ancient Rome. It was a gathering place where public events were held. Soon the forum grew also to include merchant shops, temples and government buildings. The forum became the religious, economic, and government center for Rome. Based on the above information, how did the forum contribute to Roman civilization?

“There came from India certain monks...they promised the emperor in an interview that they would promised the emperor in an interview that they would provide the materials for making silk so that never should the Romans seek business of this kind from their enemy the Persians, or from any other people whatsoever….Thus began the art of making silk from that time on in the Roman Empire.” -Procopius: The Roman Silk Industry, c. 550, modernized by Jerome S. Arkenberg How did the negotiations between the Indian monks and the Roman emperor affect the silk trade in the Roman Empire?

I will sing of well- founded Earth, Mother of all, eldest of all beings. She feeds all creatures that are in the world. All that go upon the goodly land, And all that are in the paths of the seas, And all that fly: all these are fed of her store. Through you, O queen, men are blessed in their children. And blessed in their harvests, And to you it belongs to give means of life To mortal men and to take it away. -Homer Which value of Greek civilization is reflected in this hymn?

. “....reason, which is that law teaches all mankind, who would love but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.” -John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government Which concept of the Enlightenment would the above passage most likely support?

How did innovations that developed over time-such as writing, trade routes, schools, and the printing press-affect societies?

Kings wanted to control decision making in their governments. How did this desire affect the structures of governments?

Accounts from the Routes of the Jewish Merchants to the East, 847: These merchants...journey from west to east, from east to west, partly on land, partly by sea...On their return they carry back musk, aloes, camphor, cinnamon, and other products of the Eastern countries...where they again embark on the Western Sea. Book of Ways by Ibn Khordadhbeh, 847, translated by Joseph Jacobs, 1919 How did the Jewish merchants’ trade routes affect people living in Asia and Europe?

Towns in medieval Europe neglected their water supplies and did not construct sanitation systems. How did this choice affect the quality of life of medieval Europeans living in towns?

Lief said to his companions “I propose now to divide our company into two groups, and to set about an exploration of the country. One-half of our party shall remain at home at the house, while the other half shall investigate the land; and they must not go beyond a point from which they can return home the same evening, and are not to separate [from each other].” “The Saga of Erik the Red” 1387, translated by Arthur Middleton Reeves, 1890 Based on the excerpt, what role did Leif Ericson play in transforming Viking society?

French Revolution Factors Unfair taxation Government fraudulence Feudal oppression Chinese Revolution Factors Government corruption Unfair treatment of poor Desire for freedom Iranian Revolution Factors Inflation Government mismanagement Large government debt Which has been a major factor in revolutions, such as that of the French in 1789, the Chinese in 1949, and the Iranians in 1979?

During the Italian Renaissance, artists and thinkers rediscovered classical knowledge and art. As part of that process some artists, particularly Leonardo da Vinci, began to challenge the explanations for the natural world offered by the Church. How did Renaissance art influence modern society?

The exportation of laborers and capital from old to new countries...adds to the joint wealth of the old and the new country….There needs be no hesitation in affirming that Colonization, in the best present state of the world, is the best affair of business, in which the [wealth] of an old and wealthy country can engage. Principles of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill, 1848 Based on the excerpt, what was Mill’s perception of colonialism?

The following excerpt is from the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685 CE), which was decreed by King Louis XIV of France: We forbid our subjects of the R.P.R. [Protestantism] to meet any more of the exercise of the said religion in any place or private house...We likewise forbid all noble men to hold such religious exercises in their houses or fiefs, under penalty...of imprisonment and confiscation. We enjoin all ministers of the said R.P.R., who do not choose to become converts and to embrace the Catholic, apostolic, and Roman religion, to leave our kingdom and the territories...within a fortnight. Internet History Sourcebooks Project. www.fordham.edu/halsall What political conditions in France led to the Edict of Fontainebleau?

The following excerpt is an Englishman’s firsthand account of the weeks leading up to the Glorious Revolution (1688); in the Revolution, the Protestant ruler William of Orange overthrew King James II, a Catholic. …[King James II] called over 5,000 Irish, and 4,000 Scots, and continued to remove Protestants and put in [Catholics] at Portsmouth and other places of trust, and retained the Jesuits about him, increasing the universal discontent. It brought people to so desperate a pass, that they seemed passionately to long for and desire the landing of [William of Orange], whom they looked on to be their deliverer from [Catholic] tyranny… John Evelyn, diary entry, October 7, 1688 Internet History Sourcebooks Project, www.fordham.edu/halsall Using the above excerpt, what conclusion can be made about the Glorious Revolution?

How did movements like the Protestant Reformation contribute to the rise of nation-states?

How did the revolution in printing contribute to increased global interaction during the Renaissance?

Beginning in the 1500s, European missionaries traveled to places like China to spread Christianity as part of the Catholic Reformation. How did the missionaries contribute to increased global interaction?

Francis Bacon held the belief that assumptions should be tested many times before they were accepted. How did his ideas change society during the Scientific Revolution?

In the Middle Ages, European monarchs claimed to rule by “divine right”. What purpose was served by this claim?

All merchants, unless they have been previously and publicly forbidden, are to have safe and secure conduct in leaving and coming to England and in staying and going through England both by land and by water to buy and sell, without any evil exactions, according to the ancient and right customs, save in time of war, and if they should be from a land at war against us and be found in our land at the beginning of the war, they are to be attached without damage to their bodies or goods until it is established by us or our chief justiciar in what way the merchants of our land are treated who at such a time are found in the land that is at war with us, and if our merchants are safe there, the other merchants are to be safe in our land. Magna Carta, 1297 Based on this passage from the Magna Carta, which basic rights were improved by the English barrons?

How did the printing revolution contribute to increased global interaction?

Effects of the Plague (Black Death) Europe lost a third of its population Labor shortages brought higher wages for many workers Peasants left their manors, weakening the feudal system . Which conclusion about the effects of the plague can be drawn from the listed information?

Which is an effect of European exploration of the Americas?

What was a significant result of European exploration through the Columbian Exchange?

How did the ideas and scientific advantages of the Renaissance challenge the Catholic Church?

How was European society affected by the Crusades?

28] No bailiff is henceforth to put any man on his open law or on oath simply by virtue of his spoken word, without reliable witnesses being produced for the same. 29] No freeman is to be taken or imprisoned or disseised [dispossessed] of his free tenement or of his liberties or free customs, or outlawed or exiled in any way ruined, nor will we go against such a man or send against him save by lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land.We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right. Which right had King John of England most likely abused, according to these two clauses from the Magna Carta?

What was an important effect of the Black Death (bubonic plague pandemic) on the populations of Europe in the late 1340’s?

He who trusts any man with supreme power give it to a wild beast, for such his appetite sometimes makes him; passion influences those in power, even the best of men, but law is reason without desire. -Aristotle Which feature of modern Western democratic government reflects Aristotle’s views as given above?

Based on the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man emphasized the idea that governments must-

How did the Magna Carta (1215) contribute to the development of the English government?

Unlike the French Revolution, the American Revolution produced

Use the information to complete the statement: “The streets were hot and dusty on the summer day. Stokers emerged from the low underground doorways into factory yards, and sat on steps, and posts, and palings, wiping their swarthy visages, and contemplating coals. The whole town seemed to be frying in oil. There was a stifling smell of hot oil everywhere. The steam-engines shone with in, the mills throughout their many stories oozed and trickled it. -Charles Dickens, Hard Times, 1854 The historical era most likely referred to in this quotation is the: