In forecasting weather events, meteorologists sometimes discuss the role of atmosphericrivers. What are atmospheric rivers, and how ______Part of the water cycle, atmosphericrivers are narrow channels of moisture moving through the atmosphere. In certainconditions, these “rivers” can release some of their moisture as precipitation.

[15] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of StandardEnglish?

The soundtrack to Mira Nair’s 1991 film Mississippi Masala expressively captures theclashing of cultures that happens when ______ (a young Indian woman from Uganda and ayoung African American man from Mississippi) meet. Featured throughout the film aresongs from Uganda’s Afrigo Band, the Indian composer L. Subramaniam, and the Mississippiblues musician Sam Chatmon.

[16] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of StandardEnglish?

Julia Alvarez’s 1994 novel In the Time of the Butterflies, a fictionalized account of the lives of the Mirabal ______ can serve as a starting point for those wanting to explore how the rule of dictator Rafael Trujillo has been represented in Dominican American literature. 

[17] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

On March 23, 2021, a gust of wind wreaked havoc on global trade. Ever Given, an international shipping container vessel, became lodged in Egypt’s Suez Canal, a major shipping route between Europe and Asia. The vessel took six days to ______ it’s as heavy as two thousand blue whales when fully loaded.

[18] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Woven from recycled yarn and hand tufted using a carpet weaving technique passed down by the artist’s Turkish grandmother, ______so lush and tactilely inviting that you are tempted to reach out and touch them.

[19] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Jamaican British artist Willard Wigan is known for his remarkable _____ so small that they are best viewed through a microscope, Wigan’s sculptures are made from tiny natural materials, such as spiderweb strands.

[20] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

After appropriate permissions are granted, a typical archaeological dig begins with a surveyor making a detailed grid of the excavation site. Then, the site is carefully dug, and any artifacts found are recorded and mapped onto the site grid. ______ the artifacts are removed, cataloged, and analyzed in a laboratory.

[21] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

In 1949, Frank Zamboni developed an ice rink resurfacing machine. As Zamboni’s machine moved along the rink’s surface, it first scraped off the top layer of ice. _____ it sprayed water into the deep grooves left behind by customers’ skates. Lastly, it smoothed over the newly formed ice.

[22] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

In the 1880s, inventor Lewis Latimer improved upon Thomas Edison’s design for the electric light bulb. _____ Latimer made the light bulb more durable by placing cardboard around its carbon filament. With this innovation, Latimer became the first Black inventor to contribute to the electrification of the world.

[23] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Jeffrey Gibson’s sculptural object KNOW YOUR MAGIC, BABY, an Everlast-brand exercise bag embroidered with multicolored beads and a fringe associated with the dances of the Ojibwe people, stitches together—literally and figuratively—recognizable symbols from both Native and non-Native cultures. _____ Gibson’s piece also blurs the distinction between contemporary art and traditional crafts.

[24] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

In World War I, US soldiers who were members of the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma participated in the Choctaw Code Talkers program.

The Choctaw Code Talkers were trained to relay coded military information in their native language.

In World War II, the US Army recruited Navajo (Diné) soldiers to transmit coded messages in their native language.

These soldiers were known as the Navajo Code Talkers.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Choctaw Code Talkers and the Navajo Code Talkers.

[25] Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

The International Center for the Arts of the Americas (ICAA) is directed by Mari Carmen Ramírez.

Ramírez oversaw an initiative to create an online archive of historical documents related to the history of Latin American and Latino visual art.

The ICAA digitized over 10,000 documents, including the writings of Latin American and Latino artists and critics.

The creation of the archive didn’t require historical documents to be removed from their countries of origin.

Scholars now have more access to these documents.

[26] The student wants to explain an advantage of the ICAA’s archive being digital. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Sister Rosetta Tharpe (1915–1973) was a gospel musician.

She was known for her passionate vocals and electric guitar performances.

In 2018, Tharpe was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for her major impact on the genre.

According to songwriter Roxie Moore, “[Tharpe] would sing until you cried and then she would sing until you danced for joy.”

According to guitarist Celisse Henderson, “Tharpe is the unquestioned founding mother of rock ’n’ roll.”

The student wants to use a quotation to support a claim about Tharpe’s contribution to rock ’n’ roll.

[27] Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

According to a team of neuroeconomists from the University of Zurich, ease of decision making may be linked to communication between two brain regions, the prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex. Individuals tend to be more decisive if the information flow between the regions is intensified, whereas they make choices more slowly when information flow is ______.

[1] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Ecologist Exequiel Ezcurra and colleagues found that the inhabitants of the Mexica empire used natural landmarks to track time with a high degree of ______. By observing the sun’s position in relation to various points on the mountains surrounding the Basin of Mexico, the Mexica were able to precisely identify the dates when significant events such as solstices occurred.

[2] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

In editor Lisa Yaszek’s introduction to her anthology The Future Is Female! More Classic Science Fiction Stories by Women, Yaszek identifies an increasing sense of ______ feminist mode of writing in the 1970s, in contrast to many woman-authored science fiction stories of the 1920s to 1960s whose politics were less deliberately signaled.

[3] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

K.D. Leka and colleagues found that the Sun’s corona provides an advance indication of solar flares—intense eruptions of electromagnetic radiation that emanate from active regions in the Sun’s photosphere and can interfere with telecommunications on Earth. Preceding a flare, the corona temporarily exhibits increased brightness above the region where the flare is ______.

[4] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The following text is adapted from Jean Webster’s 1912 novel Daddy-Long-Legs. The narrator is a young college student writing letters detailing her weekly experiences.

[The college is] organizing the Freshman basket-ball team and there’s just a chance that I shall make it. I’m little of course, but terribly quick and wiry and tough. While the others are hopping about in the air, I can dodge under their feet and grab the ball. 

[5] Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A- To compare basketball with other sports

B- To provide details of how to play basketball

C- To state how players will be chosen for the basketball team

D - To explain why the narrator thinks she might make the basketball team

XResearchers have long hypothesized that woolly mammoths were hunted to extinction in North America by humans using spears with grooved tips known as Clovis points. One anthropologist set out to test this hypothesis. Using a mechanical spear-thrower, he launched spears with Clovis points into mounds of clay—substitutes for the animals’ large bodies. The projectiles generally penetrated only a few inches into the clay, an amount insufficient to have harmed most woolly mammoths. This led the anthropologist to conclude that hunters using spears with Clovis points likely weren’t the principal drivers of the extinction.

[6] Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

The ancient writing system used in the Maya kingdoms of southern Mexico and Central America had a symbol for the number zero. The earliest known example of the symbol dates to more than 2,000 years ago. At that time, almost none of the writing systems elsewhere in the world possessed a zero symbol. And the use of zero in Mexico and Central America may be even more ancient. Some historians suggest that Maya mathematicians inherited it from the Olmec civilization, which flourished in the region 2,400–3,600 years ago.

[7] According to the text, what do some historians suggest about Maya civilization?

A subject of much speculation, distinctive sets of parallel ridges mark the icy crust of Europa, Jupiter’s smallest moon. Researchers now claim that the ridges’ formation mechanism mirrors that of a strikingly similar pair on Greenland’s ice sheet. There, surface water seeped through fissures in the sheet and formed a water pocket that subsequently disrupted the overlying ice, forcing fragments of it upward and outward into peaks, as the pocket froze and expanded. Although Europa lacks liquid surface water, the same process could be driven by the moon’s subsurface ocean.

[8] Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

To understand how Paleolithic artists navigated dark caves, archaeologist MªMaria Ángeles Medina-Alcaide and her team tested different lighting methods in a cave in Spain using replicas of artifacts found in European caves with art. They used three different Paleolithic light sources—torches, animal-fat lamps, and fireplaces—determining that each likely had a specific purpose. For instance, the team learned that the animal-fat lamps were less useful than torches while walking because the lamps didn’t illuminate the cave floor.

[9] Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

“Looking Back on Girlhood” is an 1892 short story by Sarah Orne Jewett. In the story, the narrator explains that she prefers her hometown to other places she has visited: ______

[11] Which quotation from “Looking Back on Girlhood” most effectively illustrates this claim?

External shopping cues are a type of marketing that uses obvious messaging—a display featuring a new product, for example, or a “buy one, get one free” offer—to entice consumers to make spontaneous purchases. In a study, data scientist Sam K. Hui and colleagues found that this effect can also be achieved with a less obvious cue: rearranging a store’s layout. The researchers explain that trying to find items in new locations causes shoppers to move through more of the store, exposing them to more products and increasing the likelihood that they’ll buy an item they hadn’t planned on purchasing.

[12] Which response from a survey given to shoppers who made a purchase at a retail store best supports the researchers’ explanation?

Even with the widespread adoption of personal computers, many authors still choose to write and revise their novels by hand and only then transcribe the final version on a computer. It may be tempting to speculate about how a novel written this way would be affected if it had been exclusively typed instead, but each novel is a unique entity resulting from a specific set of circumstances. Therefore, ______

[13] Which choice most logically completes the text?

Behavioral ecologists Will Wiggins, Sarah Bounds, and Shawn Wilder recently examined the behavior of field-collected and laboratory-reared bold jumping spiders (Phidippus audax). They found a positive association between experimental high-protein diets and aggressive behavior in field-collected males and a similar association between experimental high-lipid diets and aggressive behavior in lab-reared males; additionally, field-collected spiders showed a preference for flowers manipulated to display ultraviolet fluorescence, whereas lab-reared spiders showed a preference for flowers dyed with red food coloring that was not fluorescent. Wiggins, Bounds, and Wilder therefore concluded that ______

[14] Which choice most logically completes the text?