To create the poems in her 2017 collection One Last Word, poet Nikki Grimes used awriting method called the golden shovel. This method often involves choosing a linefrom an existing poem and then using each word from that line as the last word of eachline in a new poem. Grimes wanted the poems in One Last Word to honor importantBlack poets of the past, so she chose lines by poets such as Langston Hughes and Georgia Douglas Johnson. Writing in this way can be challenging and might seem asthough it would produce awkward poems. However, reviewers praised One LastWord as a beautiful and powerful tribute to the poets who inspired it. This reaction suggests that ______

[1] Which choice most logically completes the text?

Generally speaking, whether consumers give a good comment or a bad one is closely related to their expectations about the kind of service they will get. Some gas stations are located near schools while others are near restaurants. People who go to gas stations near schools usually get discounts for refueling their automobiles. However, such discounts are not provided at gas stations near restaurants. Recent studies show that the rate of good comments versus bad comments made to the gas stations near cafeteria is lower than the rate near schools, suggesting that _____

[2] Which choice most logically completes the text? 

Alice Guy-Blach é directed hundreds of films between 1896 and 1920. She wanted audiences to feel like they were watching real people on screen. She would encourage actors in her films to behave naturally. Guy-Blach é even hung a large sign reading “Be Natural ” in the studio where she made her films. At the time, films lacked sound, so actors needed to rely solely on their bodies and facial expressions to convey emotions. As a result, actors tended to highly exaggerate their actions and expressions. The style of acting in Guy-Blach é’ s films was therefore ______

[3] Which choice most logically completes the text?

Narwhals are shy whales that live in the remote Arctic Ocean. Some of them have a long tusk, like a unicorn horn, with sensitive nerves. Narwhals are known for this tusk, but many actually don't have one and its purpose is unknown. One group of scientists came up with a possible purpose in 2014. The scientists suggested that the tusk may help narwhals determine when water around them is likely to start freezing and become dangerous for them. Marine biologist Kristin Laidre disagrees with that idea, though. She reasons that if the narwhal's tusk serves such an important purpose, then it's most likely that _____

[4] Which choice most logically completes the text?

A main goal of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM), an arts organization founded in 1965, is to advance new works by Black musicians. The AACM achieves this goal in part by focusing on young artists. By having established musicians and composers serve as mentors, the AACM gives young artists the benefits of expert technical training and creative guidance. Numerous organizations offer similar kinds of support to new generations of painters, writers, and other artists, suggesting that ______

[5] Which choice most logically completes the text?

The Harlem Renaissance, which gave us great literary works like May Miller's play The Bog Guide and nonliterary works like James Van DerZee's photograph Couple, Harlem, is often said to have ended in the 1930s shortly after the Great Depression began. But some scholars argue that the Harlem Renaissance never really ended because it continues to shape culture in the United States today. These scholars therefore suggest that _____

[6] Which choice most logically completes the text?<

Architects looking for inspiration may examine photographs of iconic buildings such as the Forbidden City in Beijing. A two-dimensional photograph, however, cannot capture how a building interacts with its surroundings, whether by complementing, blending in with, or perhaps even clashing with sights and activities nearby. An image of the Forbidden City thus______

[7] Which choice most logically completes the text?<

Some studies can be done well with relatively little money. For example, a marketing study simply trying to identify the average amount customers spend per transaction at an online retailer has a straightforward central question that doesn't require many years of data collection. But it is much more expensive to conduct a longitudinal study like the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (HILDA), which looks at data for 25,000 people in Australia to find trends in economic well-being that can take a long time to develop. This requires lots of funding because _____

[8] Which choice most logically completes the text?

Marine archaeologists have found much of the wooden hull of a sixteenth-century ship in a flooded quarry in southeast England. When it is exposed to air and water, wood rots quickly unless it is protected by sediment that shields it from oxygen. Therefore, the discovered ship was likely ______

[9] Which choice most logically completes the text?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 The Heritage Trail is located in New York.

 It was created from a former railroad corridor.

 Visitors can use the trail for a variety of recreational activities.

 These include biking, in-line skating, and cross-country skiing.

[1 0] The student wants to list activities that the Heritage Trail can be used for. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 A U-shaped curve in a river channel is called a meander.

 A meander forms when water erodes sediment from one side of the riverbank and redeposits that sediment on the opposite side.

 Meanders will gradually change shape and migrate downstream over time.

 A river with high sinuosity has many meanders, and a river with low sinuosity has few.

 The Araguaia River in Brazil has high sinuosity.

[1 1] The student wants to identify what causes meanders. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 The human tongue contains taste receptors for a rich, savory flavor called umami.

 Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including pork and tomato paste.  Participants in a study tasted a sample of macrokelp, a type of brown seaweed.

 They rated its umami intensity as moderate.

 The participants tasted a sample of ma-konbu, another type of brown seaweed.

 They rated its umami intensity as high.

[1 2] The student wants to make a generalization about brown seaweed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?<>

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 In a 2003 study, Alexander and Schrag tested the effect of plant litter on seedling emergence in a grassland setting.

 The test site was a mesic grassland in a dry midlatitude climate in the United States.

 The researchers found that in these environmental conditions the presence of plant litter had a positive effect on seedling emergence.

 Seedling emergence is when a seedling sprouts above ground and begins photosynthesis.

[1 3] Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to present the study's findings to an audience already familiar with the concept of seedling emergence?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 Stylistic analysis and historical analysis are two approaches to art criticism.

 Stylistic analysis examines how an artwork's visual features contribute to its overall style.

 Such an analysis of Claude Monet's Water Lilies might consider how the painting's loose brushwork represents an impressionist style.

 Historical analysis considers the historical context in which a work was created.

 Such an analysis of Diego Vel ázquez's Las Meninas might consider how the painting's depiction of the artist with King Philip IV symbolizes art's historical ties to power.

[14 ] The student wants to present historical analysis to an audience unfamiliar with the concept. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 The human tongue contains taste receptors for a rich, savory flavor called umami.

 Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including tuna and blue cheese.

 Participants in a study tasted a sample of sea palm, a type of brown seaweed.

 They rated its umami intensity as moderate.

 The participants tasted a sample of bull kelp, another type of brown seaweed.

 They rated its umami intensity as high.

[15 ] The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two seaweeds. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?<>