"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

ruler of Florence who was an important patron (financial supporter) of arts and learning

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.

the technique used to represent three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface in a way that looks natural and realistic

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa and Last Supper.

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles)

Famous Northern Renaissance painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (used layered technique to achieve subtle shades of color)

(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Wrote Praise of Folly.

lawyer and chancellor of England under Henry VIII; would not sign Act of Supremacy

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins; forgiveness without penance; corrupt church officials sold these for money

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It split the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.

This was the Holy Roman Emperor and supporter of Catholicism who tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

This council was summoned by Charles V, condemned Luther's beliefs, and forbade Luther from preaching and declared him a heretic

Treaty which ended religious warfare between Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, it acknowledged Lutheranism as a religion, and those states had the same rights at Catholic states; German states were free to choose the religion of their country, but individuals were not able to choose their religion

Reformed Catholic Church discipline and reaffirmed church doctrine. Preserved the papacy as the center of Christianity. Confirmed all seven existing sacraments. Reaffirmed Latin as the language of worship. Forbade clerical marriage.

Tudor King of England who launched the English Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church opposed his actions of divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Also: severed ties with Rome and allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time.

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head

A French theologian who established a theocracy In Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination.

Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine. Also known as the Counter-Reformation

a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen; reformed the church through education and discipline

Carmelite nun who believed nuns should return to a simple life of poverty and humility

A Catholic religious committee/court that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution. Confessions of crimes against the church and conversion of non-Catholics were often forces through maltreatment and torture.

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.