A country who's population share a common identity- ethnicity, language, history, culture, etc.

Revolutions in Europe from liberalism and nationalism. Wanted change, but all were suppressed

The government of France after the exile of Emperor Napoleon III; lasted from 1871 until 1940.

elected president of France; became emperor of France; rebuilt Paris; nephew of emperor Napoleon I

Made reforms to modernize Russia, assassinated, replaced by Alexander III.

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality rather than a king or emperor

During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy

(1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism; achieved a unified Germany

"realistic politics," practical politics where the ends justify the means and power is more important than morals/principles

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing emotion and individualism

artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be; often focused on depressing subject matter

A style of art where painters try to catch visual impressions made by color, light, and shadows; shows real life the way we perceive and remember it.

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s; began in Britain first and spread to America second

One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers; created massive farms that supported city-life during the Industrial Revolution

Land (natural resources), labor (work force), and capital (money and man-made goods needed for business); the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services

Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

child laborers, low pay, long days, short life expectancy

creates jobs, enriches nation, technological progress, education expands, cheaper goods, improved standard of living, improved working conditions, increase in taxes led to urban improvements.

Established the first factory town and one of the first to hire women to work the factories; idea of specialized work force

production of identical goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines

uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces; increased productivity during the Industrial Revolution by allowing repairs to be made quickly by unskilled workers.

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts; selling stock allowed large businesses to raise large amounts of money quickly thus allowing them to grow ever larger

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs- no tariffs, no minimum wage, no safety regulations

said society would prosper as individuals pursued their own interests. laws of supply and demand determine price

the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.

extreme socialism; said that the Industrial Revolution would lead to the bourgeoisie (upper class business owners) having everything and the proletariat (common workers) having nothing thus leading to a rebellion and the seizing of production methods; production methods would then be managed by society for the equal benefit of all citizens; ending in a class-less society

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

William Wilberforce was a part of the Parliament who led the fight to end slavery in Britain in 1833; U.S.A. did not follow in kind until 1865; the rest of the Americas did the same by 1888

Britain 1842 outlawed use of female and child labor in mines; Britain 1847 set workday limit for women and children to 10 hours; U.S. 1904 movement to end child labor results in many states regulating child labor-ages and hours