(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

By utilizing traditional methods of Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

a 3 day test to work for the government; people train for years because it was very hard

Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.

Free peasant and artisanal labor

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly

A political unit in Egypt established by Mamluk slave warriors, Defeated the Mongols and the Ayyubid Sultanate

A family that took over the caliphate after the Ummayads. capital was baghdad.

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.

Minority branch of Islam; belief that only a descendant of Muhammad/Ali can be caliph.

Persian mathematician and cosmologist who inspired Copernican model of the solar system

Female Islamic Sufi mystic who brought who brought advances to Islamic literature

surgery, hospitals, first medical encyclopedia, circulatory system

An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 C.E. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.

Ancient moral and natural philosophy, especially Greek works

Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam

An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.

religious communities where Buddha's followers stayed, studied, and meditated

This was an important early modern Indian kingdom centered in the Deccan Plateau, reaching its height from the mid-fourteenth until the mid-sixteenth centuries. Vijayanagara was characterized by an impressive land revenue collection system centered around the elite Nayaka warriors who helped bring vast territory under Vijayanagara's suzerainty. Vijayanagara developed a highly sophisticated military based on its cavalry, and horses were an important currency of military might.

A maritime state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes.

Set of kingdoms in India that arose after the fall of the Gupta dynasty

Aggressive empire in Cambodia and Laos that collapsed in the 1400's when Thailand conquered Cambodia

Southeast Asian kingdom (1293-1520) centered on the island of Java.

Thai kingdom from 1238 until 1438 that arose from the Khmer Empire

Rulers of successive Sinhalese kingdoms that existed in Sri Lanka

City states in Mesoamerica that were part of the Maya Empire.

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

The largest complex of Anasazi cliff-dwellings in the United States Southwest, built between about AD 1150 and AD 1300

a burial sight over 98 ft high in Illinois.They were built by the mississippian tribe.

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa

Collection of states ruled by the Huasa people between the Niger River and Lake Chad with a common language, laws, and customs. Important center in the Trans-Saharan trade

Political system in which land is exchanged for protection.

self sufficient, economic structure that is the relationship between the Lord and the peasants or serfs who produced all the necessary goods to keep the manor running

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.