A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

Mary Wollstonecrafts "A Vindication of the Right's of Women and the Female Citizen," Olympe de Gouges's "Deceleration of Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen", Seneca Falls Conference organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott (1848)

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Reform movement from 1880-1886. Demanded representation in Spanish Parliament, Secularization of the clergy, Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality, Creation of a public school system independent of religious friars, Abolition of the labor tax and force sale of local products to the government, Guarantee of basic freedoms, Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service

series of armed conflicts that took place in New Zealand from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand government and the Māori. Until at least the 1980s, European New Zealanders referred to them as the Māori wars

Puerto Rican poet who supported Cuban independence.

Unification of various states by Prussia (Bismarck); was a major event that disrupted the Balance of Power in Europe through WWII

During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy

Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.

An ideology developed by the Ottoman govt in order to strengthen their subjects' loyalty and solidarity. Focused on the idea the all subjects are equal (despite religious/ethinic/linguistic differences) and deserved equal rights (reinforced by Imperial decree of 1856).

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Written by Simon Bolivar in 1815, influenced Latin American revolutions

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

social and economic reorganization that took place when machines took the place of hand tools and large scale factory production developed in the north; began in britain in the mid-18th century

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

The scientific revolution brought about new mechanical inventions; The availability of investment capital and the rise of the middle class provided an economic base; Geographic and social conditions in England favored industrialization:; The cotton textile industry was well established; Britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products; rivers provided the necessary waterpower to run machinery; England had abundant reserves of coal and iron; The necessary labor force was in place following the enclosure movement that forced thousands of people from rural land to cities; Investment capital supplied by a burgeoning middle class provided money to purchase equipment for the emergent factories

Focusing work effort on a particular product or a single task

Europe and the U.S's shares went up while Middle Eastern and Asian countries' shares went down.

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

an engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine

The new uses for oil, coal, and gas helped build up the industrial industry.

A wave of late 19th century industrialization that was characterized by an increased use of steel, chemical processes, electric power, and railroads. This period also witnessed the spread of industrialization from Great Britain to western Europe and the United States.

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century

The 19th century had new forms of transportation. This new type of water transportation used steam instead of sails.

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt, Meiji Restoration, development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Unilever based in England and the Netherlands and operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo

A business organization in which the business (not the owner) is liable for the company's debts

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers