The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Britain in West Africa, Belgium in the Congo, French in West Africa

Congo to Belgium, Indonesia and Southeast Asia to the Dutch

The natives of Peru revolted in the name of the last incan emperor's (60,000 people revolted). It lasted for two years.

"African Napoleon", Muslim African king who resisted French colonialism

a war between the Asante and the British in 1900

an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.

Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act

A monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

Pivotal movement that broke the back of the Xhosa and ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination of South Africa by the British. The prophecy was that killing all cattle would bring back ancient chiefs and ancestors.

Islamist group led by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah rebelled against Egypt and Britain

Cotton production in Egypt; Rubber extraction in the Amazon and te Congo basin; The palm oil trade in West Africa; The guano industries in Peru and Chile; Meat from Argentina and Uruguay; Diamonds from Africa

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

Opium produced in the Middle East or South Asia and exported to China; Cotton grown in South Asia and Egypt and exported to Great Britain and other European countries; Palm oil produced in sub-Saharan Africa and exported to European countries; Copper extracted in Chile

Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific; Lebanese merchants in the Americas; Italian industrial workers in Argentina

Irish to the United States; British engineers andgeologists to South Asia and Africa; Slavery; Chinese and Indian indentured servitude; Penal Labor

unfree labour which prisoners are required to perform, typically manual labour.

Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America; Indians in East and southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia; Irish in North America; Italians in North andSouth America

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia