Enacted in 1991, Latvia’s 4,917-word constitution, in contrast to Chile’s, which was enactedin 1980 and contains a far greater number (25,821) of words, _____ as the 4th shortest inthe world. Such data are studied by constitutional scholars like Dominic J. Nardi, who canuse them to draw broader conclusions.

[15] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of StandardEnglish?

As an archaeologist, Dr. Rubén G. _____ studies historical locations all across the USSouthwest and Mesoamerica, a region that includes ancient Maya sites like Ek’ Balam inMexico.

[16] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of StandardEnglish?

To British musician Jacob Collier, substituting the II chord for the bvii chord—its opposite inpitch and tone—adds expression to improvisation without creating dissonance. Thisconceptualization of harmonic opposites did not originate with _____ in 1985, the idea wasfirst articulated in Swiss musicologist Ernst Levy’s posthumously published book A Theory ofHarmony.

[17] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of StandardEnglish?

The statement “all tarantulas are venomous” is scientific because it could be proved falseby a single observation to the contrary, according to Karl Popper. Popper's theory ______that scientific hypotheses must be refutable, termed the criterion of falsifiability, rejects theconfirmationist position that uses verifiability as the standard for scientific hypotheses. [18] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of StandardEnglish?

Novelist and playwright Mary Russell Mitford joined with 55 other prominent British writersin 1837 to petition the US Congress for greater copyright protections. This cadre ofrenowned _____ that American publishers’ appropriation of their work caused, in thewords of the petition, “deep and extensive injuries...on their reputation and property,” helped sow the seeds for the International Copyright Act of 1891.

[19] Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of StandardEnglish?

As anthropologist Cristina Grasseni explains, many artisanal cheeses in Italy, such asProvolone Valpadana from Trentino-Alto Adige and Ragusano from Sicily, are highly valuedfor their regional authenticity; _____ they are prized for being made using local ingredientsand methods typical of their respective geographic regions.

[20] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

The early Australian railroad system of the 1800s was famously uncoordinated. Trains onthe broad gauge Victorian Goldfields Railway line in Victoria couldn't travel on the HothamValley Railway in Western Australia, which used narrow gauge tracks, without performingtime-consuming conversions. _____ historians refer to this complicated system as the“mixed gauge muddle.”

[21] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

When ordering the branches of the Yukon River system, cartographers tend to begin withthe riverway’s lowest point, the Yukon River. ______ hydrologists begin at the top of theriver system, with the Iditarod River and other tributaries fed by the riverway’s source, Alaska’s Llewellyn Glacier.

[22] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Charles Demuth’s 1931 painting Chimney and Water Tower is a classic Precisionist work. The Precisionists strove for cold, machine-like perfection, with crisp lines, geometric shapes, and smooth, brushstroke-free surfaces. _____ Precisionist works often feature skyscrapers, bridges, and factories, highlighting these angular structures’ engineered symmetry.

[23] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

As volcanologists like Tamsin Mather are apt to make clear, not all volcanoes are the same.Ischia in Italy, for example, is a complex volcano, a mixed landform consisting of relatedvolcanic centers and their associated lava flows and pyroclastic rock. Mount Vsevidof inAlaska, _____ is a stratovolcano, a conical volcano built up by many layers of hardened lavaand tephra.

[24] Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- 1914: British explorer Ernest Shackleton and a small crew embarked on an expedition toAntarctica.

- 1915: Shackleton’s ship Endurance became stuck in ice before eventually breaking apartand sinking.

- 1916: After more harrowing sea-ice adventures, the entire crew was rescued.

- 1959: Historian Alfred Lansing wrote a book called Endurance: Shackleton’s IncredibleVoyage.

- 1959: Historian Alfred Lansing wrote a book called Endurance: Shackleton’s IncredibleVoyage.

- 2001: Filmmaker George Butler released a documentary called The Endurance:Shackleton’s Legendary Antarctic Expedition.

- 2022: The wreckage of Endurance was discovered at the bottom of Antarctica’s WeddellSea.

[25] The student wants to provide a historical overview of the Shackleton expedition. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Louis Ballard was a classical composer and citizen of the Quapaw Tribe.

- Ballard’s composition Desert Trilogy was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in music in 1971.

- His composition Cacéga Ayuwípí incorporates Hopi notched sticks, a traditional Nativeinstrument.

- Ethnomusicologist Tara Browner claims that Ballard’s compositions rely on elementsoriginating within Native musical traditions.

[26] The student wants to support Browner’s claim about Louis Ballard’s compositions. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplishthis goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- The farm-size transition hypothesis predicts that economic pressures associated withmodernization result in smaller farms amalgamating into larger-scale commercial farms.

- Masters et al. (2013): The average farm size in Asia “already has or will soon begin to rise.”

- Promkhambut et al. (2023) argue that small rice farms in Thailand have adopted modernfarming methods without a significant scaling-up of farm size.

- Promkhambut et al.: “The persistence of [small] rice farms [in Thailand] does notrepresent a ‘failure’ to modernize...or a ‘truncated’ transition—it is a response tomodernization.”

[27] The student wants to make and support a claim regarding the applicability of thefarm-size transition hypothesis to Thailand. Which choice most effectively uses relevantinformation from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Exposed to harsh environmental conditions for centuries, lighthouses such as LaJument lighthouse off the coast of Brittany, France, exemplify the _____ betweenmarine structures and ocean forces: the continuous impact of breaking wavesnecessitates periodic reinforcements to or redesigns of the structures that in turnmay alter local wave patterns.

[1] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word orphrase?

_____ the mythological and heroic subject matter often found in works by HoraceVernet and other establishment figures, Honoré Daumier’s painting The Third-ClassCarriage instead focuses on something decidedly mundane: working-class travelers ina third-class railway car. [2] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word orphrase?

Though copies of The Adventures of Indiana Jones in Wenceslas Square in Prague onJanuary 16, 1989—an underground computer game that was created anonymously in1989 as an act of political protest against the authoritarian regime of what was thenCzechoslovakia—were originally distributed _____ , the game is now readily availableonline for anyone to play.

[3] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word orphrase?

In their study of caterpillars in fragmented forests (formerly contiguous forests thathave been broken into isolated patches by roads or other interruptions), JamesMickley et al. stress that although fragmentation inevitably _____ alterations to localecological processes, the changes will likely have a greater impact on Catocala ilia, aspecialist feeding on a limited number of plant species, than on a species like Achatiadistincta that feeds on several.

[4] Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word orphrase?

Establishing protected areas (PAs), such as the Mamanuca Islands in Fiji, is a commonconservation strategy, but because PAs restrict some kinds of economic activity, it'swidely thought that they hinder economic development. This perception is driven inpart by the fact that economic assessments often don't capture the indirect effects oftourism linked to PAs. But Hasita Bhamar et al. found that tourism associated withthe Mamanuca Islands boosts local demand for goods and services in other economicsectors, resulting in, for instance, increased income from retail in nearby areas.

[5] Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

Typically, synthetic leather is petroleum based, but materials scientists searching for anecologically sustainable alternative have used various bacteria that secrete linear chains ofglucose, forming a dense mesh of cellulose called a pellicle, which is leatherlike except incolor. The standard process for dyeing leather generates substantial wastewater and otherundesirable byproducts, so adopting such a regimen would run counter to the ecologicalpromise of the pellicle approach. To address this, Kenneth T. Walker and colleaguesworked to modify Komagataeibacter rhaeticus bacteria to produce a pellicle withembedded pigmentation cells, thereby allowing the pellicle to "dye" itself from the inside. [6] Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as awhole?

Text 1

Mooseberry (Viburnum edule) plants are native to Alaska, where harsh conditions havehistorically impeded potential invasive species. As the boreal climate has warmed in recentdecades, however, common knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare) plants have establishedthemselves in Alaska. Previous research conducted in non-boreal ecosystems hasdocumented warming-induced increases in summer temperatures benefiting invasivespecies more than native species.

Text 2

At a site near Fairbanks, Alaska, Christa Mulder and Katie Spellman tracked V. edule and P. aviculare, along with other native and invasive species, over several years. They observedthat although average summer temperatures were substantially higher in some years of thestudy than in others, neither V. edule nor P. aviculare showed any significant variation insummer growth patterns from year to year.

[7] Which choice best describes the relationship between the two texts?

Optimal foraging theory (OFT) holds that animals’ foraging behaviors reflect cost-benefit trade-offsthat vary by species and with dynamic ecological circumstances. One such circumstance is lunarintensity, which W.J. Cresswell and Stephen Harris found to be negatively associated with foragingby European badgers but Eduardo Fernández-Duque and colleagues found to be positivelyassociated with foraging by Azara’s night monkeys. This discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT:the monkeys’ greater reliance on vision means that higher lunar intensity benefits them more thanit benefits the badgers.

[8] Information in the text best supports which statement about Azara’s night monkeys?

Richard II is a play from the 1590s by William Shakespeare. Although King Richard has beenvanquished by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke, he intimates that he is not entirely ready toshow subservience to his cousin, saying, _____

[11] Which quotation from Richard II most effectively illustrates the claim?

Scholars cite Men of Maize, the 1949 novel by Guatemalan author Miguel Ángel Asturias, asa foundational text of magical realism, the Latin American style of fiction in whichantirealistic plot devices—often borrowed from the spiritual and narrative traditions ofIndigenous and colonial societies in the Americas—are deployed in an otherwise realisticmode of representation typical of the modern novel. This style has exerted a decisiveinfluence on authors in the United States, including Susan Power, whose 1994 novel TheGrass Dancer resembles classic magical realist novels in its juxtaposition of literaryrealism with long-established cultural traditions—namely, those of the Dakota people ofthe northern plains.

[12] Which quotation from a literary scholar would most directly support the claim in theunderlined portion of the text?

While mammals collectively exhibit the highest ratio of brain size to body size amongvertebrates, a team led by paleontologist Ornella Bertrand demonstrates that for tenmillion years following the extinction of dinosaurs, that ratio in fact shrank for mammals asthey evolved to fill newly vacated ecological niches and their bodies increased in size morerapidly than their brains. Competition for resources tends to favor intelligence and thuslarge, complex brains, but during this period, the abundance of resources relative tomammalian population numbers likely moderated competition and facilitated an increasein body size. Bertrand and her team reason that as population numbers swelled, competition intensified, creating conditions that _____

[13] Which choice most logically completes the text?

As exemplified by Sakha songs about local ecosystems and Kaluli songs about rainforestsounds, ecological information can be transmitted in Indigenous songs, and in someinstances is maintained only in this way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl'thla, a song keeper for theKwakwaka'wakw people in Canada, collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al., sharing songs referencing terraced intertidal clam gardens the people implemented in thepast to foster healthy development of a dietary staple. Drawing on archaeological evidenceas well, Lepofsky et al. determined that the prevalence of the practice described in thesongs corresponded with growth in clam size and abundance despite increased harvestingpressure—a finding that demonstrates that _____

[14] Which choice most logically completes the text?