During respiration, cells use oxygen to release the energy stored in food. The respi- ratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (gas exchange).
Living things are composed of cells. Cells provide structure and carry on major functions to sustain life. Cells are usually microscopic in size.
Photosynthesis is carried on by green plants and other organisms containing chlorophyll. In this process, the Sun’s energy is converted into and stored as chemical energy in the form of a sugar. The quantity of sugar molecules increases in green plants during photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight.
Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function.
Most cells have cell membranes, genetic material, and cytoplasm. Some cells have a cell wall and/or chloroplasts. Many cells have a nucleus.
Cells are organized for more effective functioning in multicellular organisms. Levels of organization for structure and function of a multicellular organism include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Multicellular organisms exhibit complex changes in development, which begin after fertilization. The fertilized egg undergoes numerous cellular divisions that will result in a multicellular organism, with each cell having identical genetic information.
The way in which cells function is similar in all living things. Cells grow and divide, producing more cells. Cells take in nutrients, which they use to provide energy for the work that cells do and to make the materials that a cell or an organism needs.
Hereditary information is contained in genes. Genes are composed of DNA that makes up the chromosomes of cells.
Many plants have roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive structures. These orga- nized groups of tissues are responsible for a plant’s life activities.
Some organisms are single cells; others, including humans, are multicellular.
The methods for obtaining nutrients vary among organisms. Producers, such as green plants, use light energy to make their food. Consumers, such as animals, take in energy-rich foods.
Each gene carries a single unit of information. A single inherited trait of an individ- ual can be determined by one pair or by many pairs of genes. A human cell contains thousands of different genes.
In multicellular organisms, cell division is responsible for growth, maintenance, and repair. In some one-celled organisms, cell division is a method of asexual reproduction.
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