year Constitution was written in Philadelphia

from Virginia; drafted large portions of the Constitution; "Father of the Constitution"

plan that called for a two house legislature with representation in both houses based on state population - large state plan

plan that called for a one house legislature; equal representation for each state - small state plan

plan that created legislative branch with 2 house Congress: House of Representatives (based on state population) and Senate (2)

3 out of every 5 enslaved persons would be counted as part of state's population for representation and taxation

government power comes directly from the people; "We the people..."

citizens elect representatives to govern for them

government power is split into three branches; idea put forth by French philosopher Montesquieu

Congress; make the laws

President and his cabinet; enforce the laws

Courts; interpret the laws

each branch has powers over the others to make sure no one branch is too powerful

power of government is shared between the national and the state governments

government power is limited by Constitution; everyone must obey laws including elected officials

"unalienable" or natural born rights governments cannot take away

group who supported ratification of the Constitution; believed in a strong central government; James Madison, Alexander Hamilton & John Jay

essays written by Hamilton, Madison & Jay supporting ratification of the Constitution

opposed ratification of the Constitution; their main concern was the amount of power given to national government; demanded a Bill of Rights be added; George Mason & Patrick Henry

a formal change the Constitution; proposed by 2/3 of Congress; ratified by 3/4 of the states

The Bill of Rights were added to the Constitution to protect individual rights and are the first ___ amendments.

Which amendment?  Five Freedoms: Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech (RAPPS up our rights)

Which amendment?  right to keep and bear arms

Which amendment?  no quartering of soldiers

Which amendment?  no unreasonable searches & seizures

Which amendment?  due process, grand jury, no double jeopardy, can't take my property, right to remain silent

Which amendment?  speedy trial; fair and impartial jury; right to an attorney (lawyer)

Which amendment?  no cruel or unusual punishment; no excessive bails or fines

Which amendment?  people have more rights than those listed

Which amendment?  powers not delegated to federal government are reserved to the states and the people; FEDERALISM amendment

Whose plan? tariffs- taxes on imports; create a national bank; excise taxes on whiskey

farmers in Pennsylvania were angry about high taxes on whiskey so they rebelled; -Washington sent federal troops to put down the uprising; showed strength of federal government

issued by Washington; decision to stay neutral in war between France and Britain

1. Warned that political parties would weaken the government 2. Advised against entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations (stay neutral)

Second President; Federalist

To stop France from attacking US ships, Adams sent American diplomats to talk to French minister; were told that they must pay $10 million to France; US refused! "Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!"

to quiet opposition to the Federalist Party and to target immigrants, Congress passed and John Adams these laws, one of which made it illegal to criticize the government

to put Judicial Branch in Federalist control, Congress created new courts and Adams appointed Federalists judges who became known as the...

Federalist - Chief Justice of Supreme Court for 30 years; always ruled in favor of FEDERAL power

political party led by Alexander Hamilton; believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation of Constitution, economy based on manufacturing, supported creation of National Bank and pro-British

political party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank