formed to support Jackson after he lost election of 1824 to JQ Adams due to "corrupt bargain"

7th President; first president from the west; first president belonging to the Democratic Party

spreading political power to the people, including the "common man"

Jackson's practice of giving government jobs to political supports; became common practice

The Cherokee sued the state of Georgia when they passed laws to move them out. Supreme Court (John Marshall) ruled that the Cherokee were "..a distinct community... in which the laws of Georgia can have no force..."; Jackson ignored ruling and allowed Georgia to move them anyway

federal law supported by Jackson; forced Native Americans to move west of Mississippi River

harsh journey taken by the Cherokees; forced to move to Indian Territory - Oklahoma

South Carolina voted to nullify the tariff and planned to succeed but Jackson threatened military force & Henry Clay proposed a compromise for a lower tariff; South Carolina backed down and the crisis was averted

South called the tax on foreign imports this because they relied on them (cotton for credit)

VP John C. Calhoun proposed that states have the right to reject or cancel a federal law

Senate debate over state's rights - Daniel Webster (N-anti) & Robert Hayne (S-pro)

Jackson hated it; "killed" it during his presidency; its "death' led to economic panic in US

formed by Webster, Clay, & others who opposed POTUS having too much power-like Jackson

idea that the U.S. should extend from the Atlantic all the way to the Pacific

war between the U.S. and Mexico in 1846-1848

Texas statehood and disputes over the border between U.S. and Mexico (Rio Grande v. Nueces River)

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo- ended the Mexican-American War; US got Mexican Cession; Rio Grande River agreed upon as border; Mexico recognized Texas as part of the U.S.

gold was discovered in 1849; led to thousands of "forty-niners" moving to CA including many Chinese immigrants; boom in population resulted in California statehood in 1850

traveled by a group seeking religious freedom; to Utah

traveled by those seeking fertile land in the Pacific Northwest

traveled by merchants for trade with New Mexico

came to America in the mid-1800s looking for land, job opportunities, and freedom; Irish came due to potato famine, Germans came for political & religious freedom

immigrants contributed to American culture and provided labor for factories and the building of the transcontinental railroad

overcrowding in cities led to unhealthy conditions, rise in crime; nativist groups began to discriminate against immigrants

a person who urges the promotion of the interests of inhabitants born in a country over those of immigrants

anti-immigrant political party formed by nativists

artists painted huge landscapes of American scenery

painted American wildlife - mostly birds

American philosophy that the spiritual/internal is more important than the physical/material

transcendentalist that practiced civil disobedience by refusing to pay taxes that supported war with Mexico

renewal of religious faith in the early 1800's - let to reform movements in the United States

goal was to end slavery in US

former slave; famous speaker and author of a best-selling autobiography and editor of abolitionist newspaper The North Star

former slave, leading abolitionist and defender of women's rights

published anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator

wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin; her book convinced many Northerners to become abolitionists

elected to House of Representatives after serving as POTUS; fought the "gag-rule" in Congress

former slave, abolitionist, conductor on the Underground Railroad; Union spy during Civil War

movement to stop the drinking of alcohol; led by women and factory owners

workers formed labor unions; banded together to demand better working conditions

leaders called for separate jails for children and rehabilitation programs for prisoners

Dorthea Dix convinced Massachusetts legislature to build hospitals to treat mentally ill

leader Horace Mann called public education "great equalizer"; pushed for public high schools

demand equal rights including suffrage (the right to vote)

first convention for women's rights; in NY

leader in women's rights movement; helped organize the Seneca Falls convention along with Lucrecia Mott

Leader of the women's suffrage movement