King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' the first modern novel

Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)

greatest Dutch artists of the period; painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants

1598 - Granted the Huguenots (French protestants) freedom to live in peace and worship in some cities

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. Increased power of Bourbons by 1.) limiting the power of the nobility, and 2.) controlling the Protestants; helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

(1618-1648) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. Its conclusion ended religious wars in Europe.

the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

This was the Prussian king who gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler; fought Maria Theresa in War of the Austrian Succession

Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models.

Son of King James; He also believed in the divine right of Kings and wanted to force his religious policies among the Puritans. The Puritans saw this as the return of Catholic practices and fled to America instead. He was executed by Oliver Cromwell.

Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English Civil War, and ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

(1642-1649) A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism

(1660-1685) Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum. Learned to respect parliament and promote religious tolerance (with a Catholic lean)

The bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.

(1689) Established freedom from taxation without representation, outlawed cruel and unusual punishment, guaranteed the right to bear arms, and many other rights; influenced the U.S. Constitution.

War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. (p. 70)

(1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the church was wrong about the earth being the center of the universe, he was arrested and died under house arrest

developed the experimental method or empiricism

"I think, therefore I am"; emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding; promoted math and logic

Scientist who discovered the law of gravity; established deism- the belief that God set up the universe to conform to rules/laws

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings; Gov. formed through social contract.

English philosopher who advocated the idea of self-government; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Pen name of French philosopher Francois Marie Arouet. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. "I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it."

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a direct democracy

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

Queen of Russia. Wife of Peter III. Corresponded with some philosophes. Could not afford to alienate Russian nobility. Instruction written as a guide to deliberations, she questioned serfdom, torture, and capital punishment, also advocated principle of everyone equal in eyes of law, but this produced little change. A revolt of the nobles caused her to abandon her proposed reforms on serfdom. Expanded Russian territory.

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

royal French residence and seat of government established by King Louis XIV

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women